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Grandvillain M, Vidal M, Hérault J, Benabdesselam M, Hofverberg P, Mady F. Silica-based scintillators: basic properties of radioluminescence kinetics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:245701. [PMID: 38447159 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Radioluminescent silica-based fiber dosimeters offer great advantages for designing miniaturized realtime sensors for high dose-rate dosimetry. Rise and fall kinetics of their response must be properly understood to better assess their performances in terms of measurement speed and repeatability. A standard model of radioluminescence (RL) has already been quantitatively validated for doped silica glasses, but beyond conclusive comparisons with specific experiments, a comprehensive understanding of the processes and parameters determining transient and equilibrium kinetics of RL is still lacking. We analyze in detail the kinetics inherent in the standard RL model. Several asymptotical regimes in the RL growth are demonstrated in the case of a pristine sample (succesive quadratic, linear and power-law time dependencies before the plateau is reached). We show how this situation is modified when a pre-irradiation partly fills traps beforehand. RL growth is then greatly accelerated because of the pre-formation of recombination centers (RCs) from dopant ions, but not due to pre-filling of trapping levels. In all cases, the RL intensity eventually tends to a constant level equal to the pair generation rate, long before all carrier densities themselves reach equilibrium. This occurs late under irradiation, when deep traps get to saturation. The fraction of dopants converted into RCs is then 'frozen' at a lower level the smaller the density of deep traps. Controlling RL kinetics through the engineering of material traps is not an option. Pre-irradiation appears to be the simplest way to obtain accelerated and repeatable kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Grandvillain
- Université Côte d'Azur, Fédération de recherche Claude Lalanne, Institut de Physique de Nice, CNRS UMR7010, 17 rue Julien Lauprêtre, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Marie Vidal
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Fédération de recherche Claude Lalanne, 227 avenue de la Lanterne, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Joël Hérault
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Fédération de recherche Claude Lalanne, 227 avenue de la Lanterne, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Mourad Benabdesselam
- Université Côte d'Azur, Fédération de recherche Claude Lalanne, Institut de Physique de Nice, CNRS UMR7010, 17 rue Julien Lauprêtre, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Petter Hofverberg
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Fédération de recherche Claude Lalanne, 227 avenue de la Lanterne, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Franck Mady
- Université Côte d'Azur, Fédération de recherche Claude Lalanne, Institut de Physique de Nice, CNRS UMR7010, 17 rue Julien Lauprêtre, 06200 Nice, France
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Zghari I, El Hamzaoui H, Capoen B, Mady F, Benabdesselam M, Bouwmans G, Labat D, Ouerdane Y, Morana A, Girard S, Boukenter A, Bouazaoui M. Effects of Measurement Temperature on Radioluminescence Processes in Cerium-Activated Silica Glasses for Dosimetry Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4785. [PMID: 37430699 DOI: 10.3390/s23104785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Cerium-doped-silica glasses are widely used as ionizing radiation sensing materials. However, their response needs to be characterized as a function of measurement temperature for application in various environments, such as in vivo dosimetry, space and particle accelerators. In this paper, the temperature effect on the radioluminescence (RL) response of Cerium-doped glassy rods was investigated in the 193-353 K range under different X-ray dose rates. The doped silica rods were prepared using the sol-gel technique and spliced into an optical fiber to guide the RL signal to a detector. Then, the experimental RL levels and kinetics measurements during and after irradiation were compared with their simulation counterparts. This simulation is based on a standard system of coupled non-linear differential equations to describe the processes of electron-hole pairs generation, trapping-detrapping and recombination in order to shed light on the temperature effect on the RL signal dynamics and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Zghari
- Univ-Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hicham El Hamzaoui
- Univ-Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bruno Capoen
- Univ-Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Franck Mady
- UMR 7010, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI), Université Côte d'Azur, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Mourad Benabdesselam
- UMR 7010, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI), Université Côte d'Azur, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Géraud Bouwmans
- Univ-Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Damien Labat
- Univ-Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Youcef Ouerdane
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Adriana Morana
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sylvain Girard
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Aziz Boukenter
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Mohamed Bouazaoui
- Univ-Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
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Söderström D, Timonen O, Kettunen H, Kronholm R, El Hamzaoui H, Capoen B, Ouerdane Y, Morana A, Javanainen A, Bouwmans G, Bouazaoui M, Girard S. Properties of Gd-Doped Sol-Gel Silica Glass Radioluminescence under Electron Beams. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9248. [PMID: 36501950 PMCID: PMC9735787 DOI: 10.3390/s22239248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The radiation-induced emission (RIE) of Gd3+-doped sol-gel silica glass has been shown to have suitable properties for use in the dosimetry of beams of ionizing radiation in applications such as radiotherapy. Linear electron accelerators are commonly used as clinical radiotherapy beams, and in this paper, the RIE properties were investigated under electron irradiation. A monochromator setup was used to investigate the light properties in selected narrow wavelength regions, and a spectrometer setup was used to measure the optical emission spectra in various test configurations. The RIE output as a function of depth in acrylic was measured and compared with a reference dosimeter system for various electron energies, since the dose-depth measuring abilities of dosimeters in radiotherapy is of key interest. The intensity of the main radiation-induced luminescence (RIL) of the Gd3+-ions at 314 nm was found to well represent the dose as a function of depth, and was possible to separate from the Cherenkov light that was also induced in the measurement setup. After an initial suppression of the luminescence following the electron bunch, which is ascribed to a transient radiation-induced attenuation from self-trapped excitons (STEX), the 314 nm component was found to have a decay time of approximately 1.3 ms. An additional luminescence was also observed in the region 400 nm to 600 nm originating from the decay of the STEX centers, likely exhibiting an increasing luminescence with a dose history in the tested sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Söderström
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Oskari Timonen
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Heikki Kettunen
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Risto Kronholm
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Hicham El Hamzaoui
- Univ-Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Bruno Capoen
- Univ-Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Youcef Ouerdane
- Univ Lyon, Laboratoire H. Curien, UJM-CNRS-IOGS, 18 Rue du Pr. Benoît Lauras, 42000 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Adriana Morana
- Univ Lyon, Laboratoire H. Curien, UJM-CNRS-IOGS, 18 Rue du Pr. Benoît Lauras, 42000 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Arto Javanainen
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Géraud Bouwmans
- Univ-Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Mohamed Bouazaoui
- Univ-Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Sylvain Girard
- Univ Lyon, Laboratoire H. Curien, UJM-CNRS-IOGS, 18 Rue du Pr. Benoît Lauras, 42000 Saint-Etienne, France
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Ismail SS, Sani SFA, Khandaker MU, Tamchek N, Karim JA, Almugren KS, Alkallas FH, Shafiqah ASS, Bradley DA. Dosimetric characteristics of Gd-doped silica glass subjected to neutron and gamma irradiations. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 189:110409. [PMID: 36037726 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The dosimetric characteristics of newly developed gadolinium (Gd) glass dosimeter produced via sol-gel method are reported. Irradiation were made using a 750 kW neutron flux thermal power and 1.25 MeV 60Co gamma rays with entrance doses from 2 to 10 Gy. Investigation has been done on various Gd dopant concentrations, ranging from 1 to 10 mol%. The Gd-doped silica glass have been characterised for thermoluminescence (TL) dose response, sensitivity, linearity index, glow curve and kinetic parameter analysis. For particular dopant concentration obtained in 6 mol% Gd, the least squares fit shows the change in TL yield, correlation coefficient (r2) of better than 0.980 (at 95% confidence level), with neutron and gamma exposure to be 8 and 4 times greater than that of 1 mol% Gd, respectively. Broad peaks in the absence of any sharp peak observed in the glow curve confirms the amorphous nature of the prepared glass. A glow curve of Gd-doped SiO2 sample is observed with a single prominent peak (Tm) within 200-250 °C (peak shifting appears with respect to the increment of dopant concentration) and 350 °C (for all respective Gd dopants) for neutron and gamma irradiations, respectively. Deconvolution shows the glow curves of the Gd-doped SiO2 glass to be formed of seven and five overlapping peaks, with figures of merit below 2% (FOM) of between 1.38-1.79 and 1.30-1.97 for the particular neutron and gamma irradiations, respectively. Through use of Glowfit deconvolution software, the key trapping parameters of activation energy, E and frequency factor, s-1 were calculated for the Gd-doped SiO2 glass. The mechanism of TL yield with the gradual increase in Gd concentrations and doses is explained upon the incorporation of Gd and radiation damage that change the structure of the electron traps in the glass matrix. These early results indicate that selectively screened Gd-SiO2 glass can be developed into a promising TL system towards dosimetric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Ismail
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Medical and Life Science, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - S F Abdul Sani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - M U Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Medical and Life Science, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of General Educational Deveopment, Faculty of science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIU Rd, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - N Tamchek
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Julia A Karim
- Nuclear and Reactor Physics Section, Nuclear Technology Center, Technical Support Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - K S Almugren
- Department of Physics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - F H Alkallas
- Department of Physics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A S Siti Shafiqah
- Dept of Physics, Kuliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Medical and Life Science, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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Monitoring of Ultra-High Dose Rate Pulsed X-ray Facilities with Radioluminescent Nitrogen-Doped Optical Fiber. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093192. [PMID: 35590883 PMCID: PMC9103820 DOI: 10.3390/s22093192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We exploited the potential of radiation-induced emissions (RIEs) in the visible domain of a nitrogen-doped, silica-based, multimode optical fiber to monitor the very high dose rates associated with experiments at different pulsed X-ray facilities. We also tested this sensor at lower dose rates associated with steady-state X-ray irradiation machines (up to 100 keV photon energy, mean energy of 40 keV). For transient exposures, dedicated experimental campaigns were performed at ELSA (Electron et Laser, Source X et Applications) and ASTERIX facilities from CEA (Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique—France) to characterize the RIE of this fiber when exposed to X-ray pulses with durations of a few µs or ns. These facilities provide very large dose rates: in the order of MGy(SiO2)/s for the ELSA facility (up to 19 MeV photon energy) and GGy(SiO2)/s for the ASTERIX facility (up to 1 MeV). In both cases, the RIE intensities, mostly explained by the fiber radioluminescence (RIL) around 550 nm, with a contribution from Cerenkov at higher fluxes, linearly depend on the dose rates normalized to the pulse duration delivered by the facilities. By comparing these high dose rate results and those acquired under low-dose rate steady-state X-rays (only RIL was present), we showed that the RIE of this multimode optical fiber linearly depends on the dose rate over an ultra-wide dose rate range from 10−2 Gy(SiO2)/s to a few 109 Gy(SiO2)/s and photons with energy in the range from 40 keV to 19 MeV. These results demonstrate the high potential of this class of radiation monitors for beam monitoring at very high dose rates in a very large variety of facilities as future FLASH therapy facilities.
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