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Passaro VMN, Semenova Y, Miller BL. Feature Papers in Optical Sensors 2022. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3696. [PMID: 37050756 PMCID: PMC10098942 DOI: 10.3390/s23073696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Today, optical sensors are the subject of a very significant number of studies and applications [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio M. N. Passaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione (Department of Electrical and Information Engineering), Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona n. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Yuliya Semenova
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photonics Research Centre, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Benjamin L. Miller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Steinbach JC, Fait F, Mayer HA, Kandelbauer A. Monodisperse Porous Silica/Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres with Tunable Silica Loading, Morphology and Porosity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314977. [PMID: 36499304 PMCID: PMC9737779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid organic/inorganic nanocomposites combine the distinct properties of the organic polymer and the inorganic filler, resulting in overall improved system properties. Monodisperse porous hybrid beads consisting of tetraethylene pentamine functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) particles and silica nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized under Stoeber sol-gel process conditions. A wide range of hybrid organic/silica nanocomposite materials with different material properties was generated. The effects of n(H2O)/n(TEOS) and c(NH3) on the hybrid bead properties particle size, SiO2 content, median pore size, specific surface area, pore volume and size of the SNPs were studied. Quantitative models with a high robustness and predictive power were established using a statistical and systematic approach based on response surface methodology. It was shown that the material properties depend in a complex way on the process factor settings and exhibit non-linear behaviors as well as partly synergistic interactions between the process factors. Thus, the silica content, median pore size, specific surface area, pore volume and size of the SNPs are non-linearly dependent on the water-to-precursor ratio. This is attributed to the effect of the water-to-precursor ratio on the hydrolysis and condensation rates of TEOS. A possible mechanism of SNP incorporation into the porous polymer network is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Steinbach
- Process Analysis & Technology, Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabio Fait
- Process Analysis & Technology, Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hermann A. Mayer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kandelbauer
- Process Analysis & Technology, Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering (MAP), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)7121-271-2009
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Steinbach JC, Fait F, Wagner S, Wagner A, Brecht M, Mayer HA, Kandelbauer A. Rational Design of Pore Parameters in Monodisperse Porous Poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) Particles Based on Response Surface Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030382. [PMID: 35160371 PMCID: PMC8840536 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monodisperse porous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co–ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) particles are widely applied in different fields, as their pore properties can be influenced and functionalization of the epoxy group is versatile. However, the adjustment of parameters which control morphology and pore properties such as pore volume, pore size and specific surface area is scarcely available. In this work, the effects of the process factors monomer:porogen ratio, GMA:EDMA ratio and composition of the porogen mixture on the response variables pore volume, pore size and specific surface area are investigated using a face centered central composite design. Non-linear effects of the process factors and second order interaction effects between them were identified. Despite the complex interplay of the process factors, targeted control of the pore properties was possible. For each response a response surface model was derived with high predictive power (all R2predicted > 0.85). All models were tested by four external validation experiments and their validity and predictive power was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Steinbach
- Process Analysis & Technology, Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.C.S.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.W.); (H.A.M.)
| | - Fabio Fait
- Process Analysis & Technology, Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.C.S.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.W.); (H.A.M.)
| | - Stefanie Wagner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.W.); (H.A.M.)
| | - Alexandra Wagner
- Process Analysis & Technology, Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.C.S.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Brecht
- Process Analysis & Technology, Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.C.S.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hermann A. Mayer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.W.); (H.A.M.)
| | - Andreas Kandelbauer
- Process Analysis & Technology, Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.C.S.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (M.B.)
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering (MAP), Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)7-12-1271-2009
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