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Budny-Walczak A, Wilk M, Kupczyński R. Infrared Thermography in Assessment of Facial Temperature of Racing Sighthound-Type Dogs in Different Environmental Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1180. [PMID: 38672328 PMCID: PMC11047388 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of IRT measurements of selected regions of interest (ROI), i.e., the eyeball and the nose of whippet dogs, before and after coursing competitions taking place in various environmental conditions, thereby enabling the assessment of well-being and the level of heat stress. The research was carried out over two different periods with different thermal humidity indexes (THIs). In the first period, the THI was 59.27 (Run 1), while in the second period, the THI was 63.77 (Run 2). The experimental subjects comprised 111 sighthound-type dogs-whippets-that were photographed with a thermal imaging camera to determine their eye temperature (ET) and nose temperature (NT). The average minimum and maximum eye temperatures were statistically lower after running in both measurements. Increased minimum and maximum nose temperatures were also demonstrated after both runs. The nasal temperature values were statistically higher for Run 2, for which the THI was higher, compared to Run 1. Eyeball temperature may be a marker of thermoregulation ability, regardless of the ambient temperature. The value of ETmax decreased on average by 2.23 °C and 0.4 °C, while NTmax increased uniformly by 2 °C after both runs. A correlation was found between the IRT measurements and physiological indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Budny-Walczak
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38c Chelmonskiego St., 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Wilk
- Independent Researcher, 64-320 Niepruszewo, Poland;
| | - Robert Kupczyński
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38c Chelmonskiego St., 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
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Reza MN, Ali MR, Samsuzzaman, Kabir MSN, Karim MR, Ahmed S, Kyoung H, Kim G, Chung SO. Thermal imaging and computer vision technologies for the enhancement of pig husbandry: a review. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:31-56. [PMID: 38618025 PMCID: PMC11007457 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2024.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Pig farming, a vital industry, necessitates proactive measures for early disease detection and crush symptom monitoring to ensure optimum pig health and safety. This review explores advanced thermal sensing technologies and computer vision-based thermal imaging techniques employed for pig disease and piglet crush symptom monitoring on pig farms. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive and efficient technology for measuring pig body temperature, providing advantages such as non-destructive, long-distance, and high-sensitivity measurements. Unlike traditional methods, IRT offers a quick and labor-saving approach to acquiring physiological data impacted by environmental temperature, crucial for understanding pig body physiology and metabolism. IRT aids in early disease detection, respiratory health monitoring, and evaluating vaccination effectiveness. Challenges include body surface emissivity variations affecting measurement accuracy. Thermal imaging and deep learning algorithms are used for pig behavior recognition, with the dorsal plane effective for stress detection. Remote health monitoring through thermal imaging, deep learning, and wearable devices facilitates non-invasive assessment of pig health, minimizing medication use. Integration of advanced sensors, thermal imaging, and deep learning shows potential for disease detection and improvement in pig farming, but challenges and ethical considerations must be addressed for successful implementation. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies used in the pig farming industry, including computer vision algorithms such as object detection, image segmentation, and deep learning techniques. It also discusses the benefits and limitations of IRT technology, providing an overview of the current research field. This study provides valuable insights for researchers and farmers regarding IRT application in pig production, highlighting notable approaches and the latest research findings in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nasim Reza
- Department of Smart Agricultural Systems,
Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
- Department of Agricultural Machinery
Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Md Razob Ali
- Department of Agricultural Machinery
Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Samsuzzaman
- Department of Agricultural Machinery
Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Md Shaha Nur Kabir
- Department of Agricultural Industrial
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and
Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rejaul Karim
- Department of Agricultural Machinery
Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Farm Machinery and Post-harvest Processing
Engineering Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research
Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Ahmed
- Department of Agricultural Machinery
Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Gookhwan Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural
Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875,
Korea
| | - Sun-Ok Chung
- Department of Smart Agricultural Systems,
Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
- Department of Agricultural Machinery
Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Solon IG, Santos WS, Jesus AA, Garcia FS, Nascimento GC, Cárnio EC, Branco LGS, Santos BM. Non-invasive evaluation of vascular permeability in formalin-induced orofacial pain model using infrared thermography. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103782. [PMID: 38176292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Enhanced vascular permeability at the site of injury is a prominent feature in acute inflammatory pain models, commonly assessed through the Evans Blue test. However, this invasive test requires euthanasia, thereby precluding further investigations on the same animal. Due to these limitations, the integration of non-invasive tools such as IRT has been sought. Here, we aimed to evaluate the use of thermography in a common orofacial pain model that employs formalin as a chemical irritant to induce local orofacial inflammation. Male Hannover rats (290-300 g, N = 43) were used. In the first approach, radiometric images were taken before and after formalin administration, assessing temperature changes and extravasated Evans Blue. The second approach included capturing pre- and post-formalin test radiometric images, followed by cytokine measurements in excised vibrissae tissue. Rats were anesthetized for vibrissae tissue collection, allowing correlations between thermographic patterns, nocifensive behavior duration, and cytokine levels in this area. Our findings revealed a positive correlation between local temperature, measured via thermography, and vascular permeability in the contralateral (r2 = 0.3483) and ipsilateral (r2 = 0.4502) side, measured using spectrophotometry. The obtained data supports the notion that thermography-based temperature assessment can effectively evaluate vascular permeability in the orofacial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelly G Solon
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Wanderson S Santos
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline A Jesus
- Department of General and Specialized Nursing Ribeirão Preto, College of Nursing - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Garcia
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Glauce C Nascimento
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Evelin C Cárnio
- Department of General and Specialized Nursing Ribeirão Preto, College of Nursing - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz G S Branco
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruna M Santos
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of General and Specialized Nursing Ribeirão Preto, College of Nursing - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Sciascia QL, Metges CC. Review: Methods and biomarkers to investigate intestinal function and health in pigs. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 3:100860. [PMID: 37316380 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Society is becoming increasingly critical of animal husbandry due to its environmental impact and issues involving animal health and welfare including scientific experiments conducted on farm animals. This opens up two new fields of scientific research, the development of non- or minimally invasive (1) methods and techniques using faeces, urine, breath or saliva sampling to replace existing invasive models, and (2) biomarkers reflecting a disease or malfunction of an organ that may predict the future outcome of a pig's health, performance or sustainability. To date, there is a paucity of non- or minimally invasive methods and biomarkers investigating gastrointestinal function and health in pigs. This review describes recent literature pertaining to parameters that assess gastrointestinal functionality and health, tools currently used to investigate them, and the development or the potential to develop new non- and minimally invasive methods and/or biomarkers in pigs. Methods described within this review are those that characterise gastrointestinal mass such as the citrulline generation test, intestinal protein synthesis rate, first pass splanchnic nutrient uptake and techniques describing intestinal proliferation, barrier function and transit rate, and microbial composition and metabolism. An important consideration is gut health, and several molecules with the potential to act as biomarkers of compromised gut health in pigs are reported. Many of these methods to investigate gut functionality and health are considered 'gold standards' but are invasive. Thus, in pigs, there is a need to develop and validate non-invasive methods and biomarkers that meet the principles of the 3 R guidelines, which aim to reduce and refine animal experimentation and replace animals where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q L Sciascia
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C C Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Innovations in Cattle Farming: Application of Innovative Technologies and Sensors in the Diagnosis of Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050780. [PMID: 36899637 PMCID: PMC10000156 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision livestock farming has a crucial function as farming grows in significance. It will help farmers make better decisions, alter their roles and perspectives as farmers and managers, and allow for the tracking and monitoring of product quality and animal welfare as mandated by the government and industry. Farmers can improve productivity, sustainability, and animal care by gaining a deeper understanding of their farm systems as a result of the increased use of data generated by smart farming equipment. Automation and robots in agriculture have the potential to play a significant role in helping society fulfill its future demands for food supply. These technologies have already enabled significant cost reductions in production, as well as reductions in the amount of intensive manual labor, improvements in product quality, and enhancements in environmental management. Wearable sensors can monitor eating, rumination, rumen pH, rumen temperature, body temperature, laying behavior, animal activity, and animal position or placement. Detachable or imprinted biosensors that are adaptable and enable remote data transfer might be highly important in this quickly growing industry. There are already multiple gadgets to evaluate illnesses such as ketosis or mastitis in cattle. The objective evaluation of sensor methods and systems employed on the farm is one of the difficulties presented by the implementation of modern technologies on dairy farms. The availability of sensors and high-precision technology for real-time monitoring of cattle raises the question of how to objectively evaluate the contribution of these technologies to the long-term viability of farms (productivity, health monitoring, welfare evaluation, and environmental effects). This review focuses on biosensing technologies that have the potential to change early illness diagnosis, management, and operations for livestock.
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Rosengart S, Chuppava B, Trost LS, Henne H, Tetens J, Traulsen I, Deermann A, Wendt M, Visscher C. Characteristics of thermal images of the mammary gland and of performance in sows differing in health status and parity. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:920302. [PMID: 36118336 PMCID: PMC9480095 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.920302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision livestock farming can combine sensors and complex data to provide a simple score of meaningful productivity, pig welfare, and farm sustainability, which are the main drivers of modern pig production. Examples include using infrared thermography to monitor the temperature of sows to detect the early stages of the disease. To take account of these drivers, we assigned 697 hybrid (BHZP db. Viktoria) sows to four parity groups. In addition, by pooling clinical findings from every sow and their piglets, sows were classified into three groups for the annotation: healthy, clinically suspicious, and diseased. Besides, the udder was thermographed, and performance data were documented. Results showed that the piglets of diseased sows with eighth or higher parity had the lowest daily weight gain [healthy; 192 g ± 31.2, clinically suspicious; 191 g ± 31.3, diseased; 148 g ± 50.3 (p < 0.05)] and the highest number of stillborn piglets (healthy; 2.2 ± 2.39, clinically suspicious; 2.0 ± 1.62, diseased; 3.91 ± 4.93). Moreover, all diseased sows showed higher maximal skin temperatures by infrared thermography of the udder (p < 0.05). Thus, thermography coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems can help identify and orient the diagnosis of symptomatic animals to prompt adequate reaction at the earliest time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rosengart
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lea-Sophie Trost
- Department of Animal Sciences, Livestock Systems, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Jens Tetens
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imke Traulsen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Livestock Systems, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Wendt
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christian Visscher
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