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Dhir R, Kaur M, Malik AK. Porphyrin Metal-organic Framework Sensors for Chemical and Biological Sensing. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03674-0. [PMID: 38607529 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Porphyrins and porphyrin derivatives have been intensively explored for a number of applications such as sensing, catalysis, adsorption, and photocatalysis due to their outstanding photophysical properties. Their usage in sensing applications, however, is limited by intrinsic defects such as physiological instability and self-quenching. To reduce self-quenching susceptibility, researchers have developed porphyrin metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a unique type of hybrid porous coordination polymers comprised of metal ions linked by organic linkers, are gaining popularity. Porphyrin molecules can be integrated into MOFs or employed as organic linkers in the production of MOFs. Porphyrin-based MOFs are a separate branch of the huge MOF family that combines the distinguishing qualities of porphyrins (e.g., fluorescent nature) and MOFs (e.g., high surface area, high porosity) to enable sensing applications with higher sensitivity, specificity, and extended target range. The key synthesis techniques for porphyrin-based MOFs, such as porphyrin@MOFs, porphyrinic MOFs, and composite porphyrinic MOFs, are outlined in this review article. This review article focuses on current advances and breakthroughs in the field of porphyrin-based MOFs for detecting a variety of targets (for example, metal ions, anions, explosives, biomolecules, pH, and toxins). Finally, the issues and potential future uses of this class of emerging materials for sensing applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupy Dhir
- Department of Chemistry, G.S.S.D.G.S. Khalsa College, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Applied Sciences, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India.
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2
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Ben Brahim N, Touaiti S, Sellés J, Lambry JC, Negrerie M. The control of nitric oxide dynamics and interaction with substituted zinc-phthalocyanines. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:772-780. [PMID: 38086651 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03356b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines are artificial macrocycles that can harbour a central metal atom with four symmetric coordinations. Similar to metal-porphyrins, metal-phthalocyanines (M-PCs) may bind small molecules, especially diatomic gases such as NO and O2. Furthermore, various chemical chains can be grafted at the periphery of the M-PC macrocycle, which can change its properties, including the interaction with diatomic gases. In this study, we synthesized Zn-PCs with two different substituents and investigated their effects on the interaction and dynamics of nitric oxide (NO). Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy from picosecond to millisecond revealed that NO dynamics dramatically depends on the nature of the groups grafted to the Zn-PC macrocycle. These experimental results were rationalized by DFT calculations, which demonstrate that electrostatic interactions between NO and the quinoleinoxy substituent modify the potential energy surface and decrease the energy barrier for NO recombination, thus controlling its affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Ben Brahim
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et Matériaux Avancés, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Bd. de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sarra Touaiti
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Institut Supérieur de l'Education et de la Formation Continue, 2000 Bardo, Tunisia
| | - Julien Sellés
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière chez les Micro-Algues, UMR 7141 CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lambry
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, INSERM U-1182, CNRS UMR-7645, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Michel Negrerie
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, INSERM U-1182, CNRS UMR-7645, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France.
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TOPKAYA D, ŞAHİN Z, İŞCİ Ü, DUMOULİN F. Phthalocyanines prepared from 4,5-dihexylthiophthalonitrile, a popular building block. Turk J Chem 2023; 47:814-836. [PMID: 38173733 PMCID: PMC10760877 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0527.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Phthalocyanines are tetrapyrrolic artificial porphyrinoids that play major roles in advanced biological and technological applications. Research on this family of dyes is particularly active in Türkiye, with many derivatives being prepared from 4,5-dihexylthiophthalonitrile DiSHexPN, which is one of the most popular noncommercially available building blocks for phthalocyanines. This review summarizes the phthalocyanines and their versatile properties and applications that have been published since 1994, when the synthesis of DiSHexPN was first described, to emphasize the importance of this building block in plentiful applications, all with biomedical or technological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya TOPKAYA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir,
Turkiye
| | - Zeynel ŞAHİN
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Ümit İŞCİ
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Fabienne DUMOULİN
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
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Klyamer D, Shao W, Krasnov P, Sukhikh A, Dorovskikh S, Popovetskiy P, Li X, Basova T. Cobalt and Iron Phthalocyanine Derivatives: Effect of Substituents on the Structure of Thin Films and Their Sensor Response to Nitric Oxide. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040484. [PMID: 37185559 PMCID: PMC10136685 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study the effect of substituents in cobalt(II) and iron(II) phthalocyanines (CoPcR4 and FePcR4 with R = H, F, Cl, tBu) on the structural features of their films, and their chemi-resistive sensor response to a low concentration of nitric oxide. For the correct interpretation of diffractograms of phthalocyanine films, structures of CoPcCl4 and FePcCl4 single crystals were determined for the first time. Films were tested as active layers for the determination of low concentrations of NO (10-1000 ppb). It was found that the best sensor response to NO was observed for the films of chlorinated derivatives MPcCl4 (M = Co, Fe), while the lowest response was in the case of MPc(tBu)4 films. FePcCl4 films exhibited the maximal response to NO, with a calculated limit of detection (LOD) of 3 ppb; the response and recovery times determined at 30 ppb of NO were 30 s and 80 s, respectively. The LOD of a CoPcCl4 film was 7 ppb. However, iron phthalocyanine films had low stability and their sensitivity to NO decreased rapidly over time, while the response of cobalt phthalocyanine films remained stable for at least several months. In order to explain the obtained regularities, quantum chemical calculations of the binding parameters between NO and phthalocyanine molecules were carried out. It was shown that the binding of NO to the side atoms of phthalocyanines occurred through van der Waals forces, and the values of the binding energies were in direct correlation with the values of the sensor response to NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Klyamer
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Wenping Shao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Pavel Krasnov
- International Research Center of Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660074, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Sukhikh
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Svetlana Dorovskikh
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Pavel Popovetskiy
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Xianchun Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Tamara Basova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Freddi S, Marzuoli C, Pagliara S, Drera G, Sangaletti L. Targeting biomarkers in the gas phase through a chemoresistive electronic nose based on graphene functionalized with metal phthalocyanines. RSC Adv 2022; 13:251-263. [PMID: 36605647 PMCID: PMC9769103 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07607a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic noses (e-noses) have received considerable interest in the past decade as they can match the emerging needs of modern society such as environmental monitoring, health screening, and food quality tracking. For practical applications of e-noses, it is necessary to collect large amounts of data from an array of sensing devices that can detect interactions with molecules reliably and analyze them via pattern recognition. The use of graphene (Gr)-based arrays of chemiresistors in e-noses is still virtually missing, though recent reports on Gr-based chemiresistors have disclosed high sensing performances upon functionalization of the pristine layer, opening up the possibility of being implemented into e-noses. In this work, with the aim of creating a robust and chemically stable interface that combines the chemical properties of metal phthalocyanines (M-Pc, M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) with the superior transport properties of Gr, an array of Gr-based chemiresistor sensors functionalized with drop-cast M-Pc thin layers has been developed. The sensing capability of the array was tested towards biomarkers for breathomics application, with a focus on ammonia (NH3). Exposure to NH3 has been carried out drawing the calibration curve and estimating the detection limit for all the sensors. The discrimination capability of the array has then been tested, carrying out exposure to several gases (hydrogen sulfide, acetone, ethanol, 2-propanol, water vapour and benzene) and analysing the data through principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA pattern recognition results show that the developed e-nose is able to discriminate all the tested gases through the synergic contribution of all sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Freddi
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly,Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F3001 LeuvenBelgium
| | - Camilla Marzuoli
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly
| | - Stefania Pagliara
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly
| | - Giovanni Drera
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly
| | - Luigi Sangaletti
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly
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Arivazhagan M, Kannan P, Maduraiveeran G. Gold Nanoclusters Dispersed on Gold Dendrite-Based Carbon Fibre Microelectrodes for the Sensitive Detection of Nitric Oxide in Human Serum. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121128. [PMID: 36551095 PMCID: PMC9776376 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Herein, gold nanoclusters (Au NC) dispersed on gold dendrite (Au DS)-based flexible carbon fibre (AuNC@AuDS|CF) microelectrodes are developed using a one-step electrochemical approach. The as-fabricated AuNC@AuDS|CF microelectrodes work as the prospective electrode materials for the sensitive detection of nitric oxide (NO) in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) solution. Carbon microfibre acts as an efficient matrix for the direct growth of AuNC@AuDS without any binder/extra reductant. The AuNC@AuDS|CF microelectrodes exhibit outstanding electrocatalytic activity towards NO oxidation, which is ascribed to their large electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), high electrical conductivity, and high dispersion of Au nanoclusters. As a result, the AuNC@AuDS|CF microelectrodes attain a rapid response time (3 s), a low limit of detection (LOD) (0.11 nM), high sensitivity (66.32 µA µM cm-2), a wide linear range (2 nM-7.7 µM), long-term stability, good reproducibility, and a strong anti-interference capability. Moreover, the present microsensor successfully tested for the discriminating detection of NO in real human serum samples, revealing its potential practicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Arivazhagan
- Materials Electrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Kannan
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Govindhan Maduraiveeran
- Materials Electrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zatsikha YV, Schrage BR, Blesener TS, Harrison LA, Ziegler CJ, Nemykin VN. Meso
‐Carbon Atom Nucleophilic Attack Susceptibility in the Sterically Strained Antiaromatic Bis‐BODIPY Macrocycle and Extended Electron‐Deficient BODIPY Precursor**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201261. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy V. Zatsikha
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | - Briana R. Schrage
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee – Knoxville Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Tanner S. Blesener
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee – Knoxville Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Laurel A. Harrison
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee – Knoxville Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | | | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee – Knoxville Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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Fratilescu I, Lascu A, Taranu BO, Epuran C, Birdeanu M, Macsim AM, Tanasa E, Vasile E, Fagadar-Cosma E. One A 3B Porphyrin Structure-Three Successful Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1930. [PMID: 35683785 PMCID: PMC9182125 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are versatile structures capable of acting in multiple ways. A mixed substituted A3B porphyrin, 5-(3-hydroxy-phenyl)-10,15,20-tris-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-porphyrin and its Pt(II) complex, were synthesised and fully characterised by 1H- and 13C-NMR, TLC, UV-Vis, FT-IR, fluorescence, AFM, TEM and SEM with EDX microscopy, both in organic solvents and in acidic mediums. The pure compounds were used, firstly, as sensitive materials for sensitive and selective optical and fluorescence detection of hydroquinone with the best results in the range 0.039-6.71 µM and a detection limit of 0.013 µM and, secondly, as corrosion inhibitors for carbon-steel (OL) in an acid medium giving a best performance of 88% in the case of coverings with Pt-porphyrin. Finally, the electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) of the free-base and Pt-metalated A3B porphyrins was evaluated in strong alkaline and acidic electrolyte solutions. The best results were obtained for the electrode modified with the metalated porphyrin, drop-casted on a graphite substrate from an N,N-dimethylformamide solution. In the strong acidic medium, the electrode displayed an HER overpotential of 108 mV, at i = -10 mA/cm2 and a Tafel slope value of 205 mV/dec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Fratilescu
- Institute of Chemistry "Coriolan Dragulescu", Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Anca Lascu
- Institute of Chemistry "Coriolan Dragulescu", Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ovidiu Taranu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Plautius Andronescu Street 1, 300224 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Camelia Epuran
- Institute of Chemistry "Coriolan Dragulescu", Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Birdeanu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Plautius Andronescu Street 1, 300224 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Macsim
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry "Petru Poni", Grigore Ghica Vodă Alley, No. 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Eugenia Tanasa
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, Sector 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugeniu Vasile
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, Sector 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugenia Fagadar-Cosma
- Institute of Chemistry "Coriolan Dragulescu", Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
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