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Ilgaz F, Spetzler E, Wiegand P, Faupel F, Rieger R, McCord J, Spetzler B. Miniaturized double-wing ∆E-effect magnetic field sensors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11075. [PMID: 38744882 PMCID: PMC11094197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetoelastic micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are integral elements of sensors, actuators, and other devices utilizing magnetostriction for their functionality. Their sensitivity typically scales with the saturation magnetostriction and inversely with magnetic anisotropy. However, large saturation magnetostriction and small magnetic anisotropy make the magnetoelastic layer highly susceptible to minuscule anisotropic stress. It is inevitably introduced during the release of the mechanical structure during fabrication and severely impairs the device's reproducibility, performance, and yield. To avoid the transfer of residual stress to the magnetic layer, we use a shadow mask deposition technology. It is combined with a free-free magnetoelectric microresonator design to minimize the influence of magnetic inhomogeneity on device performance. Magnetoelectric resonators are experimentally and theoretically analyzed regarding local stress anisotropy, magnetic anisotropy, and the ΔE-effect sensitivity in several resonance modes. The results demonstrate an exceptionally small device-to-device variation of the resonance frequency < 0.2% with large sensitivities comparable with macroscopic ΔE-effect magnetic field sensors. This development marks a promising step towards highly reproducible magnetoelastic devices and the feasibility of large-scale, integrated arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ilgaz
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Spetzler
- Nanoscale Magnetic Materials - Magnetic Domains, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Patrick Wiegand
- Networked Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Rieger
- Networked Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeffrey McCord
- Nanoscale Magnetic Materials - Magnetic Domains, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Benjamin Spetzler
- Micro- and Nanoelectronic Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany.
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2
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Özden MÖ, Barbieri G, Gerken M. A Combined Magnetoelectric Sensor Array and MRI-Based Human Head Model for Biomagnetic FEM Simulation and Sensor Crosstalk Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1186. [PMID: 38400344 PMCID: PMC10892416 DOI: 10.3390/s24041186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Magnetoelectric (ME) magnetic field sensors are novel sensing devices of great interest in the field of biomagnetic measurements. We investigate the influence of magnetic crosstalk and the linearity of the response of ME sensors in different array and excitation configurations. To achieve this aim, we introduce a combined multiscale 3D finite-element method (FEM) model consisting of an array of 15 ME sensors and an MRI-based human head model with three approximated compartments of biological tissues for skin, skull, and white matter. A linearized material model at the small-signal working point is assumed. We apply homogeneous magnetic fields and perform inhomogeneous magnetic field excitation for the ME sensors by placing an electric point dipole source inside the head. Our findings indicate significant magnetic crosstalk between adjacent sensors leading down to a 15.6% lower magnetic response at a close distance of 5 mm and an increasing sensor response with diminishing crosstalk effects at increasing distances up to 5 cm. The outermost sensors in the array exhibit significantly less crosstalk than the sensors located in the center of the array, and the vertically adjacent sensors exhibit a stronger crosstalk effect than the horizontally adjacent ones. Furthermore, we calculate the ratio between the electric and magnetic sensor responses as the sensitivity value and find near-constant sensitivities for each sensor, confirming a linear relationship despite magnetic crosstalk and the potential to simulate excitation sources and sensor responses independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut-Ömür Özden
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany;
| | | | - Martina Gerken
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany;
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3
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Engelhardt E, Elzenheimer E, Hoffmann J, Meledeth C, Frey N, Schmidt G. Non-Invasive Electroanatomical Mapping: A State-Space Approach for Myocardial Current Density Estimation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1432. [PMID: 38136023 PMCID: PMC10741003 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10121432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroanatomical mapping is a method for creating a model of the electrophysiology of the human heart. Medical professionals routinely locate and ablate the site of origin of cardiac arrhythmias with invasive catheterization. Non-invasive localization takes the form of electrocardiographic (ECG) or magnetocardiographic (MCG) imaging, where the goal is to reconstruct the electrical activity of the human heart. Non-invasive alternatives to catheter electroanatomical mapping would reduce patients' risks and open new venues for treatment planning and prevention. This work introduces a new system state-based method for estimating the electrical activity of the human heart from MCG measurements. Our model enables arbitrary propagation paths and velocities. A Kalman filter optimally estimates the current densities under the given measurements and model parameters. In an outer optimization loop, these model parameters are then optimized via gradient descent. This paper aims to establish the foundation for future research by providing a detailed mathematical explanation of the algorithm. We demonstrate the feasibility of our method through a simplified one-layer simulation. Our results show that the algorithm can learn the propagation paths from the magnetic measurements. A threshold-based segmentation into healthy and pathological tissue yields a DICE score of 0.84, a recall of 0.77, and a precision of 0.93.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Engelhardt
- Department of Electrical Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (E.E.); (E.E.)
| | - Eric Elzenheimer
- Department of Electrical Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (E.E.); (E.E.)
| | - Johannes Hoffmann
- Department of Electrical Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (E.E.); (E.E.)
| | - Christy Meledeth
- Internal Medicine 1—Cardiology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Med Campus III, Kepler University Hospital, Krankenhausstraße 9, 4021 Linz, Austria;
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumonology), University Medical Center Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Gerhard Schmidt
- Department of Electrical Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (E.E.); (E.E.)
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4
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Samadi M, Schmalz J, Meyer JM, Lofink F, Gerken M. Phononic-Crystal-Based SAW Magnetic-Field Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2130. [PMID: 38004987 PMCID: PMC10672980 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In this theoretical study, we explore the enhancement of sensing capabilities in surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based magnetic field sensors through the integration of engineered phononic crystals (PnCs). We particularly focus on amplifying the interaction between the SAW and magnetostrictive materials within the PnC structure. Through comprehensive simulations, we demonstrate the synchronization between the SAWs generated by IDTs and the resonant modes of PnCs, thereby leading to an enhancement in sensitivity. Furthermore, we investigate the ΔE effect, highlighting the sensor's responsiveness to changes in external magnetic fields, and quantify its magnetic sensitivity through observable changes in the SAW phase velocity leading to phase shifts at the end of the delay line. Notably, our approach yields a magnetic field sensitivity of approximately S~138 °mT for a delay line length of only 77 µm in homogeneous magnetic fields. Our findings underline the potential of PnCs to advance magnetic field sensing. This research offers insights into the integration of engineered materials for improved sensor performance, paving the way for more effective and accurate magnetic field detection solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Samadi
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Julius Schmalz
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Jana Marie Meyer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology ISIT, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany; (J.M.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Fabian Lofink
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology ISIT, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany; (J.M.M.); (F.L.)
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
- Microsystem Materials, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Gerken
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany;
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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5
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Niekiel MF, Meyer JM, Lewitz H, Kittmann A, Nowak MA, Lofink F, Meyners D, Zollondz JH. What MEMS Research and Development Can Learn from a Production Environment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5549. [PMID: 37420715 DOI: 10.3390/s23125549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The intricate interdependency of device design and fabrication process complicates the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Commercial pressure has motivated industry to implement various tools and methods to overcome challenges and facilitate volume production. By now, these are only hesitantly being picked up and implemented in academic research. In this perspective, the applicability of these methods to research-focused MEMS development is investigated. It is found that even in the dynamics of a research endeavor, it is beneficial to adapt and apply tools and methods deduced from volume production. The key step is to change the perspective from fabricating devices to developing, maintaining and advancing the fabrication process. Tools and methods are introduced and discussed, using the development of magnetoelectric MEMS sensors within a collaborative research project as an illustrative example. This perspective provides both guidance to newcomers as well as inspiration to the well-versed experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Florian Niekiel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology ISIT, Fraunhoferstr. 1, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Jana Marie Meyer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology ISIT, Fraunhoferstr. 1, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Hanna Lewitz
- Institute for Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne Kittmann
- Institute for Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Alexander Nowak
- Institute for Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Lofink
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology ISIT, Fraunhoferstr. 1, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Dirk Meyners
- Institute for Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jens-Hendrik Zollondz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology ISIT, Fraunhoferstr. 1, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany
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6
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Schell V, Spetzler E, Wolff N, Bumke L, Kienle L, McCord J, Quandt E, Meyners D. Exchange biased surface acoustic wave magnetic field sensors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8446. [PMID: 37231050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetoelastic composites which use surface acoustic waves show great potential as sensors of low frequency and very low amplitude magnetic fields. While these sensors already provide adequate frequency bandwidth for most applications, their detectability has found its limitation in the low frequency noise generated by the magnetoelastic film. Amongst other contributions, this noise is closely connected to domain wall activity evoked by the strain from the acoustic waves propagating through the film. A successful method to reduce the presence of domain walls is to couple the ferromagnetic material with an antiferromagnetic material across their interface and therefore induce an exchange bias. In this work we demonstrate the application of a top pinning exchange bias stack consisting of ferromagnetic layers of (Fe90Co10)78Si12B10 and Ni81Fe19 coupled to an antiferromagnetic Mn80Ir20 layer. Stray field closure and hence prevention of magnetic edge domain formation is achieved by an antiparallel biasing of two consecutive exchange bias stacks. The set antiparallel alignment of magnetization provides single domain states over the complete films. This results in a reduction of magnetic phase noise and therefore provides limits of detection as low as 28 pT/Hz1/2 at 10 Hz and 10 pT/Hz1/2 at 100 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Schell
- Inorganic Functional Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Spetzler
- Nanoscale Magnetic Materials - Magnetic Domains, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Niklas Wolff
- Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lars Bumke
- Inorganic Functional Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeffrey McCord
- Nanoscale Magnetic Materials - Magnetic Domains, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eckhard Quandt
- Inorganic Functional Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Meyners
- Inorganic Functional Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany.
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7
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Schmalz J, Spetzler E, McCord J, Gerken M. Investigation of Unwanted Oscillations of Electrically Modulated Magnetoelectric Cantilever Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115012. [PMID: 37299738 DOI: 10.3390/s23115012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoelectric thin-film cantilevers consisting of strain-coupled magnetostrictive and piezoelectric layers are promising candidates for magnetic field measurements in biomedical applications. In this study, we investigate magnetoelectric cantilevers that are electrically excited and operated in a special mechanical mode with resonance frequencies above 500 kHz. In this particular mode, the cantilever bends in the short axis, forming a distinctive U-shape and exhibiting high-quality factors and a promising limit of detection of 70pT/Hz1/2 at 10 Hz. Despite this U mode, the sensors show a superimposed mechanical oscillation along the long axis. The induced local mechanical strain in the magnetostrictive layer results in magnetic domain activity. Due to this, the mechanical oscillation may cause additional magnetic noise, deteriorating the limit of detection of such sensors. We compare finite element method simulations with measurements of magnetoelectric cantilevers in order to understand the presence of oscillations. From this, we identify strategies for eliminating the external effects that affect sensor operation. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of different design parameters, in particular the cantilever length, material parameters and the type of clamping, on the amplitude of the undesired superimposed oscillations. We propose design guidelines to minimize the unwanted oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Schmalz
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Spetzler
- Nanoscale Magnetic Materials, Department of Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeffrey McCord
- Nanoscale Magnetic Materials, Department of Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Gerken
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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8
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Hoffmann J, Roldan-Vasco S, Krüger K, Niekiel F, Hansen C, Maetzler W, Orozco-Arroyave JR, Schmidt G. Pilot Study: Magnetic Motion Analysis for Swallowing Detection Using MEMS Cantilever Actuators. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3594. [PMID: 37050654 PMCID: PMC10099077 DOI: 10.3390/s23073594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The swallowing process involves complex muscle coordination mechanisms. When alterations in such mechanisms are produced by neurological conditions or diseases, a swallowing disorder known as dysphagia occurs. The instrumental evaluation of dysphagia is currently performed by invasive and experience-dependent techniques. Otherwise, non-invasive magnetic methods have proven to be suitable for various biomedical applications and might also be applicable for an objective swallowing assessment. In this pilot study, we performed a novel approach for deglutition evaluation based on active magnetic motion sensing with permanent magnet cantilever actuators. During the intake of liquids with different consistency, we recorded magnetic signals of relative movements between a stationary sensor and a body-worn actuator on the cricoid cartilage. Our results indicate the detection capability of swallowing-related movements in terms of a characteristic pattern. Consequently, the proposed technique offers the potential for dysphagia screening and biofeedback-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hoffmann
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Roldan-Vasco
- GITA Lab, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
- Faculty of Engineering, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín 050536, Colombia
| | - Karolin Krüger
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Niekiel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology ISIT, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Clint Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Juan Rafael Orozco-Arroyave
- GITA Lab, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schmidt
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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9
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Sun K, Jiang Z, Wang C, Han D, Yao Z, Zong W, Jin Z, Li S. High-Resolution Magnetoelectric Sensor and Low-Frequency Measurement Using Frequency Up-Conversion Technique. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1702. [PMID: 36772741 PMCID: PMC9919828 DOI: 10.3390/s23031702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The magnetoelectric (ME) sensor is a new type of magnetic sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity that suitable for the measurement of low-frequency weak magnetic fields. In this study, a metglas/PZT-5B ME sensor with mechanical resonance frequency fres of 60.041 kHz was prepared. It is interesting to note that its magnetic field resolution reached 0.20 nT at fres and 0.34 nT under a DC field, respectively. In order to measure ultralow-frequency AC magnetic fields, a frequency up-conversion technique was employed. Using this technique, a limit of detection (LOD) under an AC magnetic field lower than 1 nT at 8 Hz was obtained, and the minimum LOD of 0.51 nT was achieved at 20 Hz. The high-resolution ME sensor at the sub-nT level is promising in the field of low-frequency weak magnetic field measurement technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Sun
- College of Physics, Center for Marine Observation and Communication, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhihao Jiang
- College of Physics, Center for Marine Observation and Communication, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chengmeng Wang
- College of Physics, Center for Marine Observation and Communication, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dongxuan Han
- College of Electronics and Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhao Yao
- College of Electronics and Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Weihua Zong
- College of Electronics and Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhejun Jin
- College of Electronics and Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shandong Li
- College of Physics, Center for Marine Observation and Communication, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- College of Electronics and Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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10
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Friedrich RM, Sadeghi M, Faupel F. Numerical and Experimental Study of Colored Magnetic Particle Mapping via Magnetoelectric Sensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13020347. [PMID: 36678100 PMCID: PMC9865076 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Colored imaging of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) is a promising noninvasive method for medical applications such as therapy and diagnosis. This study investigates the capability of the magnetoelectric sensor and projected gradient descent (PGD) algorithm for colored particle detection. In the first step, the required circumstances for image reconstruction are studied via a simulation approach for different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The spatial accuracy of the reconstructed image is evaluated based on the correlation coefficient (CC) factor. The inverse problem is solved using the PGD method, which is adapted according to a nonnegativity constraint in the complex domain. The MNP characterizations are assessed through a magnetic particle spectrometer (MPS) for different types. In the experimental investigation, the real and imaginary parts of the MNP's response are used to detect the spatial distribution and particle type, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the average phase difference for CT100 and ARA100 particles is 14 degrees, which is consistent with the MPS results and could satisfy the system requirements for colored imaging. The experimental evaluation showed that the magnetoelectric sensor and the proposed approach could be potential candidates for color bio-imaging applications.
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11
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Physics of Composites for Low-Frequency Magnetoelectric Devices. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22134818. [PMID: 35808313 PMCID: PMC9269355 DOI: 10.3390/s22134818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article discusses the physical foundations of the application of the linear magnetoelectric (ME) effect in composites for devices in the low-frequency range, including the electromechanical resonance (EMR) region. The main theoretical expressions for the ME voltage coefficients in the case of a symmetric and asymmetric composite structure in the quasi-static and resonant modes are given. The area of EMR considered here includes longitudinal, bending, longitudinal shear, and torsional modes. Explanations are given for finding the main resonant frequencies of the modes under study. Comparison of theory and experimental results for some composites is given.
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