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Frigoli M, Krupa MP, Hooyberghs G, Lowdon JW, Cleij TJ, Diliën H, Eersels K, van Grinsven B. Electrochemical Sensors for Antibiotic Detection: A Focused Review with a Brief Overview of Commercial Technologies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5576. [PMID: 39275486 PMCID: PMC11398233 DOI: 10.3390/s24175576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to global health, powered by pathogens that become increasingly proficient at withstanding antibiotic treatments. This review introduces the factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), highlighting the presence of antibiotics in different environmental and biological matrices as a significant contributor to the resistance. It emphasizes the urgent need for robust and effective detection methods to identify these substances and mitigate their impact on AMR. Traditional techniques, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and immunoassays, are discussed alongside their limitations. The review underscores the emerging role of biosensors as promising alternatives for antibiotic detection, with a particular focus on electrochemical biosensors. Therefore, the manuscript extensively explores the principles and various types of electrochemical biosensors, elucidating their advantages, including high sensitivity, rapid response, and potential for point-of-care applications. Moreover, the manuscript investigates recent advances in materials used to fabricate electrochemical platforms for antibiotic detection, such as aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers, highlighting their role in enhancing sensor performance and selectivity. This review culminates with an evaluation and summary of commercially available and spin-off sensors for antibiotic detection, emphasizing their versatility and portability. By explaining the landscape, role, and future outlook of electrochemical biosensors in antibiotic detection, this review provides insights into the ongoing efforts to combat the escalating threat of AMR effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Frigoli
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mikolaj P Krupa
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Hooyberghs
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph W Lowdon
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Cleij
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Diliën
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper Eersels
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Rebelo P, Seguro I, Surra E, Paíga P, Pacheco JG, Delerue-Matos C. Analysis of atorvastatin in environmental waters: Validation of an electrochemical molecularly imprinted polymer sensor with application of life cycle assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171169. [PMID: 38402962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The widespread presence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluents after treatment stands as a significant challenge faced in the field of wastewater management and public health. Governments and the scientific community have worked to meet this urgent need for effective solutions. Nevertheless, the development of detection strategies for pharmaceutical monitorization capable of delivering rapid, on-site, and sensitive responses remains an ongoing necessity. In this work, the performance of a previously developed molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based electrochemical sensor for detecting atorvastatin (ATV) in wastewater effluents and surface waters is presented. A simple preconcentration method followed by electrochemical measurements by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH = 7), was implemented. The analytical results were validated with those obtained on a set of 16 water samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Additionally, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to compare the environmental impact of both methodologies. The results obtained demonstrated that ATV detection using MIP-sensor was reliable when compared to the results found by UHPLC-MS/MS presenting a robust linear correlation coefficient of 0.843. The LCA results show that the novel MIP-sensor technique has lower associated environmental impacts than UHPLC-MS/MS, when the current analytical protocol for pharmaceuticals detection is applied. These findings highlight the potential of the developed MIP-sensor as an eco-friendly analytical tool for routine analysis and point-of-care monitoring of ATV in WWTP wastewater and surface water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Rebelo
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Seguro
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elena Surra
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Paíga
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - João G Pacheco
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
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Zanoni C, Dallù LV, Costa C, Cutaia A, Alberti G. A Screen-Printed Voltammetric Sensor Modified with Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (eMIP) to Determine Gallic Acid in Non-Alcoholic and Alcoholic Beverages. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1076. [PMID: 38674995 PMCID: PMC11054643 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a low-cost disposable sensor for gallic acid (GA) detection in non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages using a screen-printed cell (SPC) whose working electrode (in graphite) is modified with electrosynthesized molecularly imprinted polypyrrole (eMIP). Our preliminary characterization of the electrochemical process shows that gallic acid (GA) undergoes irreversible oxidation at potentials of about +0.3 V. The peak potential is not affected by the presence of the eMIP film and alcohol percentages (ethanol) up to 20%. The GA determination is based on a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis leveraging its oxidation peak. The calibration data and the figures of merit of the analytical method (LOD, LOQ, and linear range) are calculated. To validate the feasibility of the sensor's application for the dosing of GA in real matrices, some non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages are analyzed. The results are then compared with those reported in the literature and with the total polyphenol content determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. In all cases, the concentrations of GA align with those previously found in the literature for the beverages examined. Notably, the values are consistently lower than the total polyphenol content, demonstrating the sensor's selectivity in discriminating the target molecule from other polyphenols present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giancarla Alberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Faysal AA, Kaya SI, Cetinkaya A, Ozkan SA, Gölcü A. The Effect of Polymerization Techniques on the Creation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sensors and Their Application on Pharmaceutical Compounds. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38252120 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2301652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have become more prevalent in fabricating sensor applications, particularly in medicine, pharmaceuticals, food quality monitoring, and the environment. The ease of their preparation, adaptability of templates, superior affinity and specificity, improved stability, and the possibility for downsizing are only a few benefits of these sensors. Moreover, from a medical perspective, monitoring therapeutic medications and determining pharmaceutical compounds in their pharmaceutical forms and biological systems is very important. Additionally, because medications are hazardous to the environment, effective, quick, and affordable determination in the surrounding environment is of major importance. Concerning a variety of performance criteria, including sensitivity, specificity, low detection limits, and affordability, MIP sensors outperform other published technologies for analyzing pharmaceutical drugs. MIP sensors have, therefore, been widely used as one of the most crucial techniques for analyzing pharmaceuticals. The first part of this review provides a detailed explanation of the many polymerization techniques that were employed to create high-performing MIP sensors. In the subsequent section of the review, the utilization of MIP-based sensors for quantifying the drugs in their pharmaceutical preparation, biological specimens, and environmental samples are covered in depth. Finally, a critical evaluation of the potential future research paths for MIP-based sensors clarifies the use of MIP in pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Faysal
- Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - S Irem Kaya
- Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Cetinkaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Türkiye
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Türkiye
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Türkiye
| | - Ayşegül Gölcü
- Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Caldevilla R, Morais SL, Cruz A, Delerue-Matos C, Moreira F, Pacheco JG, Santos M, Barroso MF. Electrochemical Chemically Based Sensors and Emerging Enzymatic Biosensors for Antidepressant Drug Detection: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108480. [PMID: 37239826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a widespread condition with antidepressants as the main pharmacological treatment. However, some patients experience concerning adverse reactions or have an inadequate response to treatment. Analytical chromatographic techniques, among other techniques, are valuable tools for investigating medication complications, including those associated with antidepressants. Nevertheless, there is a growing need to address the limitations associated with these techniques. In recent years, electrochemical (bio)sensors have garnered significant attention due to their lower cost, portability, and precision. Electrochemical (bio)sensors can be used for various applications related to depression, such as monitoring the levels of antidepressants in biological and in environmental samples. They can provide accurate and rapid results, which could facilitate personalized treatment and improve patient outcomes. This state-of-the-art literature review aims to explore the latest advancements in the electrochemical detection of antidepressants. The review focuses on two types of electrochemical sensors: Chemically modified sensors and enzyme-based biosensors. The referred papers are carefully categorized according to their respective sensor type. The review examines the differences between the two sensing methods, highlights their unique features and limitations, and provides an in-depth analysis of each sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Caldevilla
- CISA|ESS, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Stephanie L Morais
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Cruz
- CISA|ESS, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Moreira
- CISA|ESS, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - João G Pacheco
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marlene Santos
- CISA|ESS, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto-Francisco Gentil, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Fátima Barroso
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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Ghaani M, Büyüktaş D, Carullo D, Farris S. Development of a New Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Biopolymer for Determination of 4,4'-Methylene Diphenyl Diamine. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:s23010046. [PMID: 36616643 PMCID: PMC9824447 DOI: 10.3390/s23010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was proposed to determine 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diamine (MDA) using molecularly imprinted polymer-multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode (MIP/MWCNTs/GCE). GCE was coated by MWCNTs (MWCNTs/GCE) because of their antifouling qualities and in order to improve the sensor sensitivity. To make the whole sensor, a polymeric film made up of chitosan nanoparticles was electrodeposited by the cyclic voltammetry method on the surface of MWCNTs/GCE in the presence of MDA as a template. Different parameters such as scan cycles, elution time, incubation time, molar ratio of template molecules to functional monomers, and pH were optimized to increase the performance of the MIP sensor. With a detection limit of 15 nM, a linear response to MDA was seen in the concentration range of 0.5-100 µM. The imprinting factor (IF) of the proposed sensor was also calculated at around 3.66, demonstrating the extremely high recognition performance of a MIP/MWCNT-modified electrode. Moreover, the sensor exhibited good reproducibility and selectivity. Finally, the proposed sensor was efficiently used to determine MDA in real samples with satisfactory recoveries ranging from 94.10% to 106.76%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Ghaani
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2—I, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Duygu Büyüktaş
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe Köyü, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Daniele Carullo
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2—I, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Farris
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2—I, 20133 Milan, Italy
- INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit University of Milan, Via Celoria 2—I, 20133 Milan, Italy
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