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Salehi Shahraki A, Lauer H, Grobler M, Sakzad A, Rudolph C. Access Control, Key Management, and Trust for Emerging Wireless Body Area Networks. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9856. [PMID: 38139702 PMCID: PMC10747010 DOI: 10.3390/s23249856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are an emerging industrial technology for monitoring physiological data. These networks employ medical wearable and implanted biomedical sensors aimed at improving quality of life by providing body-oriented services through a variety of industrial sensing gadgets. The sensors collect vital data from the body and forward this information to other nodes for further services using short-range wireless communication technology. In this paper, we provide a multi-aspect review of recent advancements made in this field pertaining to cross-domain security, privacy, and trust issues. The aim is to present an overall review of WBAN research and projects based on applications, devices, and communication architecture. We examine current issues and challenges with WBAN communications and technologies, with the aim of providing insights for a future vision of remote healthcare systems. We specifically address the potential and shortcomings of various Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) architectures and communication schemes that are proposed to maintain security, privacy, and trust within digital healthcare systems. Although current solutions and schemes aim to provide some level of security, several serious challenges remain that need to be understood and addressed. Our aim is to suggest future research directions for establishing best practices in protecting healthcare data. This includes monitoring, access control, key management, and trust management. The distinguishing feature of this survey is the combination of our review with a critical perspective on the future of WBANs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Salehi Shahraki
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Hagen Lauer
- Department of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Computer Science, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany;
| | - Marthie Grobler
- Cybersecurity and Quantum Systems (CQS), CSIRO’s Data61, Melbourne 3168, Australia;
| | - Amin Sakzad
- Dep of Software Systems & Cybersecurity, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia; (A.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Carsten Rudolph
- Dep of Software Systems & Cybersecurity, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia; (A.S.); (C.R.)
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Osama M, Ateya AA, Sayed MS, Hammad M, Pławiak P, Abd El-Latif AA, Elsayed RA. Internet of Medical Things and Healthcare 4.0: Trends, Requirements, Challenges, and Research Directions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7435. [PMID: 37687891 PMCID: PMC10490658 DOI: 10.3390/s23177435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare 4.0 is a recent e-health paradigm associated with the concept of Industry 4.0. It provides approaches to achieving precision medicine that delivers healthcare services based on the patient's characteristics. Moreover, Healthcare 4.0 enables telemedicine, including telesurgery, early predictions, and diagnosis of diseases. This represents an important paradigm for modern societies, especially with the current situation of pandemics. The release of the fifth-generation cellular system (5G), the current advances in wearable device manufacturing, and the recent technologies, e.g., artificial intelligence (AI), edge computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT), are the main drivers of evolutions of Healthcare 4.0 systems. To this end, this work considers introducing recent advances, trends, and requirements of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) and Healthcare 4.0 systems. The ultimate requirements of such networks in the era of 5G and next-generation networks are discussed. Moreover, the design challenges and current research directions of these networks. The key enabling technologies of such systems, including AI and distributed edge computing, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Osama
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.O.); (M.S.S.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Abdelhamied A. Ateya
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.O.); (M.S.S.); (R.A.E.)
- EIAS Data Science Lab, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.); (A.A.A.E.-L.)
| | - Mohammed S. Sayed
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.O.); (M.S.S.); (R.A.E.)
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hammad
- EIAS Data Science Lab, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.); (A.A.A.E.-L.)
- Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Paweł Pławiak
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Telecommunications, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ahmed A. Abd El-Latif
- EIAS Data Science Lab, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.); (A.A.A.E.-L.)
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Rania A. Elsayed
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.O.); (M.S.S.); (R.A.E.)
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Bhatti DS, Saleem S, Imran A, Iqbal Z, Alzahrani A, Kim H, Kim KI. A Survey on Wireless Wearable Body Area Networks: A Perspective of Technology and Economy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7722. [PMID: 36298073 PMCID: PMC9607184 DOI: 10.3390/s22207722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The deployment of wearable or body-worn devices is increasing rapidly, and thus researchers' interests mainly include technical and economical issues, such as networking, interoperability, security, power optimization, business growth and regulation. To address these issues properly, previous survey papers usually focused on describing the wireless body area network architecture and network protocols. This implies that deployment issues and awareness issues of wearable and BAN devices are not emphasized in previous work. To defeat this problem, in this study, we have focused on feasibility, limitations, and security concerns in wireless body area networks. In the aspect of the economy, we have focused on the compound annual growth rate of these devices in the global market, different regulations of wearable/wireless body area network devices in different regions and countries of the world and feasible research projects for wireless body area networks. In addition, this study focuses on the domain of devices that are equally important to physicians, sportsmen, trainers and coaches, computer scientists, engineers, and investors. The outcomes of this study relating to physicians, fitness trainers and coaches indicate that the use of these devices means they would be able to treat their clients in a more effective way. The study also converges the focus of businessmen on the Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) and provides manufacturers and vendors with information about different regulatory bodies that are monitoring and regulating WBAN devices. Therefore, by providing deployment issues in the aspects of technology and economy at the same time, we believe that this survey can serve as a preliminary material that will lead to more advancements and improvements in deployment in the area of wearable wireless body area networks. Finally, we present open issues and further research direction in the area of wireless body area networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Samuel Bhatti
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Saleem
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Imran
- Faculty of Computing & A.I., Air University, Islamabad 42000, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Faculty of Computing & A.I., Air University, Islamabad 42000, Pakistan
| | - Abdulkareem Alzahrani
- Computer Science & Engineering Department, Al Baha University, Al Baha 65799, Saudi Arabia
| | - HyunJung Kim
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ki-Il Kim
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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