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Skórczewska K, Lewandowski K, Szewczykowski P, Wilczewski S, Szulc J, Stopa P, Nowakowska P. Waste Eggshells as a Natural Filler for the Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204372. [PMID: 36297950 PMCID: PMC9609146 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the characteristics of unplasticized PVC composites modified with biofiller obtained from the waste eggshells of hen eggs. The composites obtained by extrusion contained from 10 phr to 40 phr of biofiller. The filler was characterized using the SEM, TG, and sieve analysis methods. The influence of the filler on the processing properties was determined using plastographometric and MFR tests. Fundamental analysis of mechanical properties was also performed, i.e., Charpy impact strength and determination of tensile properties. The mechanical properties were supported with dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, time of thermal stability, and thermogravimetric analysis. Structure analysis was also performed using SEM and X-ray microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). The processing properties of the tested composites do not give grounds for disqualifying such material from traditional processing PVC mixtures. Notably, the biofiller significantly improves thermal stability. Ground eggshells (ES) work as scavengers for the Cl radicals released in the first stage, which delays the PVC chain’s decay. Additionally, a significant increase in the value of the modulus of elasticity and softening point (VST) of the composites concerning PVC was found. Ground hen eggshells can be used as an effective filler for PVC composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Department of Polymer Technology and Protective Coatings, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (K.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Department of Polymer Technology and Protective Coatings, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (K.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Piotr Szewczykowski
- Department of Manufacturing Techniques, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (K.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Sławomir Wilczewski
- Department of Polymer Technology and Protective Coatings, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Szulc
- Department of Polymer Technology and Protective Coatings, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paulina Stopa
- Department of Polymer Technology and Protective Coatings, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paulina Nowakowska
- Department of Polymer Technology and Protective Coatings, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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