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Costa HRA, Santos AO, Teixeira YN, Silva MAS, Feitosa VA, Morais S, Oliveira TMBF. Exploring the Thermal-Oxidative Stability of Azithromycin Using a Thermoactivated Sensor Based on Cerium Molybdate and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:899. [PMID: 38869524 PMCID: PMC11173558 DOI: 10.3390/nano14110899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The chemical stability of azithromycin (AZM) may be compromised depending on the imposed thermo-oxidative conditions. This report addresses evidence of this process under varying conditions of temperature (20-80 °C), exposure time to UV radiation (1-3 h irradiation at 257 nm), and air saturation (1-3 h saturation with atmospheric air at 1.2 L min-1 and 15 kPa) through electrochemical measurements performed with a thermoactivated cerium molybdate (Ce2(MoO4)3)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)-based composite electrode. Thermal treatment at 120 °C led to coordinated water elimination in Ce2(MoO4)3, improving its electrocatalytic effect on antibiotic oxidation, while MWCNT were essential to reduce the charge-transfer resistance and promote signal amplification. Theoretical-experimental data revealed remarkable reactivity for the irreversible oxidation of AZM on the working sensor using phosphate buffer (pH = 8) prepared in CH3OH/H2O (10:90%, v/v). Highly sensitive (230 nM detection limit) and precise (RSD < 4.0%) measurements were recorded under these conditions. The results also showed that AZM reduces its half-life as the temperature, exposure time to UV radiation, and air saturation increase. This fact reinforces the need for continuous quality control of AZM-based pharmaceuticals, using conditions closer to those observed during their transport and storage, reducing impacts on consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heryka R. A. Costa
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Av. Tenente Raimundo Rocha, 1639, Cidade Universitária, Juazeiro do Norte 63048-080, CE, Brazil; (H.R.A.C.); (A.O.S.); (Y.N.T.); (M.A.S.S.)
| | - André O. Santos
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Av. Tenente Raimundo Rocha, 1639, Cidade Universitária, Juazeiro do Norte 63048-080, CE, Brazil; (H.R.A.C.); (A.O.S.); (Y.N.T.); (M.A.S.S.)
| | - Yago N. Teixeira
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Av. Tenente Raimundo Rocha, 1639, Cidade Universitária, Juazeiro do Norte 63048-080, CE, Brazil; (H.R.A.C.); (A.O.S.); (Y.N.T.); (M.A.S.S.)
| | - Maria A. S. Silva
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Av. Tenente Raimundo Rocha, 1639, Cidade Universitária, Juazeiro do Norte 63048-080, CE, Brazil; (H.R.A.C.); (A.O.S.); (Y.N.T.); (M.A.S.S.)
| | - Valker A. Feitosa
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Butantã, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE–LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Bernardino de Almeida 431, Porto 4249-015, Portugal;
| | - Thiago M. B. F. Oliveira
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Av. Tenente Raimundo Rocha, 1639, Cidade Universitária, Juazeiro do Norte 63048-080, CE, Brazil; (H.R.A.C.); (A.O.S.); (Y.N.T.); (M.A.S.S.)
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Mahmoud AM, Alqahtani YS, El-Wekil MM, Ali AMBH. Ratiometric Sensing of Azithromycin and Sulfide Using Dual Emissive Carbon Dots: A Turn On-Off-On Approach. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03737-2. [PMID: 38691279 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03737-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
A novel ratiometric fluorescence probe was developed for the determination of azithromycin (AZM) and sulfide ions based on the differential modulation of red emissive carbon dots (R-N@CDs) and blue emissive carbon dots (B-NS@CDs). The addition of sulfide anion selectively quenched the red emission of R-N@CDs while the blue emission of B-NS@CDs unaffected. Upon subsequent introduction of AZM to this R-N@CDs@sulfide system, the quenched red fluorescence was restored. Comprehensive characterization of the CDs was performed using UV-Vis, fluorescence, FTIR spectroscopy, XPS, and TEM. The proposed method exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity, with limits of detection of 0.33 µM for AZM and 0.21 µM for sulfide. Notably, this approach enabled direct detection of sulfide without requiring prior modulation of the CDs with metal ions, as is common in other reported methods. The ratiometric probe was successfully applied for the determination of AZM in biological fluids and sulfide in environmental water samples with high selectivity. This work presents the first fluorometric method for the detection of AZM in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya S Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M El-Wekil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Al-Montaser Bellah H Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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Yazhini C, E S E, Thapa R, Neppolian B. Understanding the photo-sensitive essence of organic-inorganic hybrids for the targeted detection of azithromycin. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141247. [PMID: 38244872 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Being a macrolide antibiotic, the antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties of azithromycin (AZM) were taken advantage of during the COVID-19 pandemic which led to the overuse of AZM resulting in excessive release and accumulation in the waterways and ecosystem causing unpleasant threats to humankind. This demands the necessity for a highly sensitive material being capable of recognizing AZM in wastewater. Mindful of the optical attributes of organic ligand structures, we have constructed a hybrid material by chelating Zn2+ with pyridyl benzimidazole (PBI). The prepared sensor material ZnPBI was characterized using various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques including XRD, FT-IR, HR-SEM, HR-TEM, etc. The proposed sensor material exhibited proficient detection performance selectively towards AZM with a very low detection limit of 72 nM. Two linear ranges between 0 - 70 μM and 70-100 μM were observed corresponding to two different mechanistic pathways. To the best of our knowledge, the utilization of a metal-organic complex (MOC) for the fluorometric detection of AZM has not been explored so far. It is creditworthy to cite that the long-term structural stability of the sensor material was maintained for 100 days in water and it can be reused three times without any depreciation in the sensing activity. A combination of energy transfer routes, adsorption and electrostatic interactions for AZM detection are described experimentally and theoretically which provides insights into the role of MOC as sensing probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crescentia Yazhini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 603203, India
| | - Erakulan E S
- Department of Physics, SRM University - AP, Amaravati, 522 240, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjit Thapa
- Department of Physics, SRM University - AP, Amaravati, 522 240, Andhra Pradesh, India; Center for Computational and Integrative Sciences, SRM University─AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522 240, India
| | - B Neppolian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 603203, India.
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