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Lee NK, Kim JS. Status and Trends of the Digital Healthcare Industry. Healthc Inform Res 2024; 30:172-183. [PMID: 39160777 PMCID: PMC11333813 DOI: 10.4258/hir.2024.30.3.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review presents a comprehensive overview of the rapidly evolving digital healthcare industry, aiming to provide a broad understanding of the recent landscape and directions for the future of digital healthcare. METHODS This review examines the key trends in sectors of the digital healthcare industry, which can be divided into four main categories: digital hardware, software solutions, platforms, and enablers. We discuss electroceuticals, wearables, standalone medical software, non-medical health management services, telehealth, decentralized clinical trials, and infrastructural systems such as health data systems. The review covers both global and domestic perspectives, addressing definitions, significance, revenue trends, major companies, regulations, and socioenvironmental factors. RESULTS Diverse growth patterns are evident across digital healthcare sectors. The applications of electroceuticals are expanding. Wearables are becoming more ubiquitous, facilitating continuous health monitoring and data collection. Artificial intelligence in standalone medical software is demonstrating clinical efficacy, with regulatory frameworks adapting to support commercialization. Non-medical health management services are expanding their scope to address chronic conditions under professional guidance. Telemedicine and decentralized clinical trials are gaining traction, driven by the need for flexible healthcare solutions post-pandemic. Efforts to build robust digital infrastructure with health data are underway, supported by data banks and data aggregation platforms. CONCLUSIONS Advancements in digital healthcare create a dynamic, transformative landscape, integrating, complementing, and offering alternatives to traditional paradigms. This evolution is driven by continuous innovation, increased stakeholder participation, regulatory adaptations promoting commercialization, and supportive initiatives. Ongoing discussions about optimal digital technology integration and effective healthcare strategy implementation are essential for progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Kyung Lee
- College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Medical Informatics, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju,
Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju,
Korea
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Omar R, Tavolacci SC, Liou L, Villavisanis DF, Broza YY, Haick H. Real-time prognostic biomarkers for predicting in-hospital mortality and cardiac complications in COVID-19 patients. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002836. [PMID: 38446834 PMCID: PMC10917247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Hospitalized patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are highly susceptible to in-hospital mortality and cardiac complications such as atrial arrhythmias (AA). However, the utilization of biomarkers such as potassium, B-type natriuretic peptide, albumin, and others for diagnosis or the prediction of in-hospital mortality and cardiac complications has not been well established. The study aims to investigate whether biomarkers can be utilized to predict mortality and cardiac complications among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Data were collected from 6,927 hospitalized COVID-19 patients from March 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021 at one quaternary (Henry Ford Health) and five community hospital registries (Trinity Health Systems). A multivariable logistic regression prediction model was derived using a random sample of 70% for derivation and 30% for validation. Serum values, demographic variables, and comorbidities were used as input predictors. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and the secondary outcome was onset of AA. The associations between predictor variables and outcomes are presented as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Discrimination was assessed using area under ROC curve (AUC). Calibration was assessed using Brier score. The model predicted in-hospital mortality with an AUC of 90% [95% CI: 88%, 92%]. In addition, potassium showed promise as an independent prognostic biomarker that predicted both in-hospital mortality, with an AUC of 71.51% [95% Cl: 69.51%, 73.50%], and AA with AUC of 63.6% [95% Cl: 58.86%, 68.34%]. Within the test cohort, an increase of 1 mEq/L potassium was associated with an in-hospital mortality risk of 1.40 [95% CI: 1.14, 1.73] and a risk of new onset of AA of 1.55 [95% CI: 1.25, 1.93]. This cross-sectional study suggests that biomarkers can be used as prognostic variables for in-hospital mortality and onset of AA among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Omar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sooyun Caroline Tavolacci
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lathan Liou
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dillan F. Villavisanis
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yoav Y. Broza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Francisco L, Duarte J, Albuquerque C, Albuquerque D, Pires IM, Coelho PJ. Mobile Data Gathering and Preliminary Analysis for the Functional Reach Test. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1301. [PMID: 38400459 PMCID: PMC10892343 DOI: 10.3390/s24041301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The functional reach test (FRT) is a clinical tool used to evaluate dynamic balance and fall risk in older adults and those with certain neurological diseases. It provides crucial information for developing rehabilitation programs to improve balance and reduce fall risk. This paper aims to describe a new tool to gather and analyze the data from inertial sensors to allow automation and increased reliability in the future by removing practitioner bias and facilitating the FRT procedure. A new tool for gathering and analyzing data from inertial sensors has been developed to remove practitioner bias and streamline the FRT procedure. The study involved 54 senior citizens using smartphones with sensors to execute FRT. The methods included using a mobile app to gather data, using sensor-fusion algorithms like the Madgwick algorithm to estimate orientation, and attempting to estimate location by twice integrating accelerometer data. However, accurate position estimation was difficult, highlighting the need for more research and development. The study highlights the benefits and drawbacks of automated balance assessment testing with mobile device sensors, highlighting the potential of technology to enhance conventional health evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Francisco
- Electrotechnical Department, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - João Duarte
- Electrotechnical Department, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Carlos Albuquerque
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3004-011 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Higher School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
- Child Studies Research Center (CIEC), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Daniel Albuquerque
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda, Universidade de Aveiro, 3750-127 Águeda, Portugal; (D.A.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Ivan Miguel Pires
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda, Universidade de Aveiro, 3750-127 Águeda, Portugal; (D.A.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Paulo Jorge Coelho
- Electrotechnical Department, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers at Coimbra (INESC Coimbra), 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
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Lim T, Seo HS, Yang J, Yang KH, Ju S, Jeong SM. Reversible thermochromic fibers with excellent elasticity and hydrophobicity for wearable temperature sensors. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6156-6164. [PMID: 38375008 PMCID: PMC10875327 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06432h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Color-changing fibers, which can intuitively convey information to the human eye, can be used to facilely add functionality to various types of clothing. However, they are often expensive and complex, and can suffer from low durability. Therefore, in this study, we developed highly elastic and hydrophobic thermochromic fibers as wearable temperature sensors using a simple method that does not require an electric current. A thermochromic pigment was embedded inside and outside hydrophobic silica aerogel particles, following which the thermochromic aerogel was fixed to highly elastic spandex fibers using polydimethylsiloxane as a flexible binder. In particular, multi-strand spandex fibers were used instead of single strands, resulting in the thermochromic aerogels penetrating the inside of the strands upon their expansion by solvent swelling. During drying, the thermochromic aerogel adhered more tightly to the fibers by compressing the strands. The thermochromic fiber was purple at room temperature (25 °C), but exhibited a two-stage color change to blue and then white as the temperature increased to 37 °C. In addition, even after 100 cycles of tension-contraction at 200%, the thermochromic aerogel did not detach and was strongly attached to the fiber. Additionally, it was confirmed that color change due to temperature was stable even after exposure to 1 wt% NaCl (artificial sweat) and 0.1 wt% detergent solutions. The developed thermochromic fiber therefore exhibited excellent elasticity and hydrophobicity, and is expected to be widely utilized as an economical wearable temperature sensor as it does not require electrical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Lim
- Major in Nano Semiconductor, School of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16227 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sung Seo
- Major in Nano Semiconductor, School of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16227 Republic of Korea
| | - Jonguk Yang
- Major in Nano Semiconductor, School of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16227 Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hyeok Yang
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Kyonggi University Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16227 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Ju
- Major in Nano Semiconductor, School of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16227 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Jeong
- Major in Nano Semiconductor, School of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16227 Republic of Korea
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Brinkmann C. Road map for personalized exercise medicine in T2DM. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:789-798. [PMID: 37730486 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rising at an alarming rate. Regular physical activity and exercise are cornerstones in the therapy of T2DM. While a one-size-fits-all approach fails to account for many between-subject differences, the use of personalized exercise medicine has the potential of optimizing health outcomes. Here, a road map for personalized exercise therapy targeted at patients with T2DM is presented. It considers secondary complications, glucose management, response heterogeneity, and other relevant factors that might influence the effectiveness of exercise as medicine, taking exercise-medication-diet interactions, as well as feasibility and acceptance into account. Furthermore, the potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning-based applications in assisting sports therapists to find appropriate exercise programs is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brinkmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Fitness & Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Javvaji CK, Vagha JD, Meshram RJ, Taksande A. Assessment Scales in Cerebral Palsy: A Comprehensive Review of Tools and Applications. Cureus 2023; 15:e47939. [PMID: 38034189 PMCID: PMC10685081 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a complex neurological condition characterized by motor dysfunction affecting millions worldwide. This comprehensive review delves into the critical role of assessment in managing CP. Beginning with exploring its definition and background, we elucidate the diverse objectives of CP assessment, ranging from diagnosis and goal setting to research and epidemiology. We examine standard assessment scales and tools, discuss the challenges inherent in CP assessment, and highlight emerging trends, including integrating technology, personalized medicine, and neuroimaging. The applications of CP assessment in clinical diagnosis, treatment planning, research, and education are underscored. Recommendations for the future encompass standardization, interdisciplinary collaboration, research priorities, and professional training. In conclusion, we emphasize the importance of assessment as a compass guiding the care of individuals with CP, issuing a call to action for improved assessment practices to shape a brighter future for those affected by this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Kumar Javvaji
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Jayant D Vagha
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Revat J Meshram
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Amar Taksande
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Awan WA, Abbas A, Naqvi SI, Elkamchouchi DH, Aslam M, Hussain N. A Conformal Tri-Band Antenna for Flexible Devices and Body-Centric Wireless Communications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1842. [PMID: 37893280 PMCID: PMC10609033 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A conformal tri-band antenna tailored for flexible devices and body-centric wireless communications operating at the key frequency bands is proposed. The antenna is printed on a thin Rogers RT 5880 substrate, merely 0.254 mm thick, with an overall geometrical dimension of 15 × 20 × 0.254 mm3. This inventive design features a truncated corner monopole accompanied by branched stubs fed by a coplanar waveguide. The stubs, varying in length, serve as quarter-wavelength monopoles, facilitating multi-band functionality at 2.45, 3.5, and 5.8 GHz. Given the antenna's intended applications in flexible devices and body-centric networks, the conformability of the proposed design is investigated. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is conducted using a four-layered human tissue model. Notably, the SAR values for the proposed geometry at 2.45, 3.5, and 5.8 GHz stand at 1.48, 1.26, and 1.1 W/kg for 1 g of tissue, and 1.52, 1.41, and 0.62 W/kg for 10 g of tissue, respectively. Remarkably, these values comfortably adhere to both FCC and European Union standards, as they remain substantially beneath the threshold values of 1.6 W/kg and 2 W/kg for 1 g and 10 g tissues, respectively. The radiation characteristics and performance of the antenna in flat and different bending configurations validate the suitability of the antenna for flexible devices and body-centric wireless communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahaj Abbas Awan
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (W.A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Anees Abbas
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (W.A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Syeda Iffat Naqvi
- Telecommunication Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan;
| | - Dalia H. Elkamchouchi
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Niamat Hussain
- Department of Intelligent Mechatronic Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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Cho CJ, Chung PY, Tsai YW, Yang YT, Lin SY, Huang PS. Stretchable Sensors: Novel Human Motion Monitoring Wearables. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2375. [PMID: 37630960 PMCID: PMC10459719 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
A human body monitoring system remains a significant focus, and to address the challenges in wearable sensors, a nanotechnology-enhanced strategy is proposed for designing stretchable metal-organic polymer nanocomposites. The nanocomposite comprises reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and in-situ generated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) within elastic electrospun polystyrene-butadiene-polystyrene (SBS) fibers. The resulting Sandwich Structure Piezoresistive Woven Nanofabric (SSPWN) is a tactile-sensitive wearable sensor with remarkable performance. It exhibits a rapid response time (less than three milliseconds) and high reproducible stability over 5500 cycles. The nanocomposite also demonstrates exceptional thermal stability due to effective connections between rGO and AgNPs, making it suitable for wearable electronic applications. Furthermore, the SSPWN is successfully applied to human motion monitoring, including various areas of the hand and RGB sensing shoes for foot motion monitoring. This nanotechnology-enhanced strategy shows promising potential for intelligent healthcare, health monitoring, gait detection, and analysis, offering exciting prospects for future wearable electronic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan (Y.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.L.)
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Popescu M, Ungureanu C. Green Nanomaterials for Smart Textiles Dedicated to Environmental and Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114075. [PMID: 37297209 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Smart textiles recently reaped significant attention owing to their potential applications in various fields, such as environmental and biomedical monitoring. Integrating green nanomaterials into smart textiles can enhance their functionality and sustainability. This review will outline recent advancements in smart textiles incorporating green nanomaterials for environmental and biomedical applications. The article highlights green nanomaterials' synthesis, characterization, and applications in smart textile development. We discuss the challenges and limitations of using green nanomaterials in smart textiles and future perspectives for developing environmentally friendly and biocompatible smart textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Popescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies-IMT Bucharest, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Ungureanu
- General Chemistry Department, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, Gheorghe Polizu Street, 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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Nordine M, Pille M, Kraemer J, Berger C, Brandhorst P, Kaeferstein P, Kopetsch R, Wessel N, Trauzeddel RF, Treskatsch S. Intraoperative Beat-to-Beat Pulse Transit Time (PTT) Monitoring via Non-Invasive Piezoelectric/Piezocapacitive Peripheral Sensors Can Predict Changes in Invasively Acquired Blood Pressure in High-Risk Surgical Patients. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3304. [PMID: 36992016 PMCID: PMC10059272 DOI: 10.3390/s23063304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive tracking of beat-to-beat pulse transit time (PTT) via piezoelectric/piezocapacitive sensors (PES/PCS) may expand perioperative hemodynamic monitoring. This study evaluated the ability for PTT via PES/PCS to correlate with systolic, diastolic, and mean invasive blood pressure (SBPIBP, DBPIBP, and MAPIBP, respectively) and to detect SBPIBP fluctuations. METHODS PES/PCS and IBP measurements were performed in 20 patients undergoing abdominal, urological, and cardiac surgery. A Pearson's correlation analysis (r) between 1/PTT and IBP was performed. The predictive ability of 1/PTT with changes in SBPIBP was determined by area under the curve (reported as AUC, sensitivity, specificity). RESULTS Significant correlations between 1/PTT and SBPIBP were found for PES (r = 0.64) and PCS (r = 0.55) (p < 0.01), as well as MAPIBP/DBPIBP for PES (r = 0.6/0.55) and PCS (r = 0.5/0.45) (p < 0.05). A 7% decrease in 1/PTTPES predicted a 30% SBPIBP decrease (0.82, 0.76, 0.76), while a 5.6% increase predicted a 30% SBPIBP increase (0.75, 0.7, 0.68). A 6.6% decrease in 1/PTTPCS detected a 30% SBPIBP decrease (0.81, 0.72, 0.8), while a 4.8% 1/PTTPCS increase detected a 30% SBPIBP increase (0.73, 0.64, 0.68). CONCLUSIONS Non-invasive beat-to-beat PTT via PES/PCS demonstrated significant correlations with IBP and detected significant changes in SBPIBP. Thus, PES/PCS as a novel sensor technology may augment intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring during major surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nordine
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.N.)
| | - Marius Pille
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Kraemer
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Berger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.N.)
| | - Philipp Brandhorst
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.N.)
| | | | | | - Niels Wessel
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Human Medicine, MSB Medical School Berlin GmbH, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Felix Trauzeddel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.N.)
| | - Sascha Treskatsch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.N.)
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