Fiber Residual Stress Effects on Modal Gain Equalization of Few-Mode Fiber Amplifier

Experimental investigation on the internal stress of bismuth-doped fiber and its effect on the noise figure of Bismuth-doped fiber amplifier

The noise figure (NF) of a fiber amplifier is one of the key measures of amplification performance, which characterizes the quality of the amplified signal. Residual stresses are inevitably generated during the manufacturing process of optical fibers, and this can lead to changes in the refractive index (RI) distribution of the fiber. Further, the change in RI distribution causes the mode-field characteristics of the fiber to change as well, and this ultimately has an impact on the NF performance of the amplifier. However, until now, there have been fewer studies on the effect of residual stress on the NF of the fiber amplifiers. In this work, we took a commercial single-mode bismuth-doped fiber (BDF) as an example and used a self-developed stress test device to measure its residual stress and refractive index distribution and compare it with that of a passive fiber. We also comprehensively compared the distribution of residual stress and refractive index of the fiber at different pump powers and pump wavelengths. Finally, we performed numerical simulations of the bismuth-doped fiber amplifier (BDFA) based on the BDF under the theoretical mode field area and BDF after the expansion of the mode field area due to stresses to compare the NF performance. The results demonstrate that: the entire cross-section (core and cladding) of the BDF exhibits tensile stress (>0 MPa), where the residual stress at the core of the BDF is nearly 9.8 MPa higher than that of the passive fiber; The residual stress makes the mode-field area of the BDF expand by 26.7% compared with the theoretical values, which ultimately makes the NF of the BDFA rise from 4.6 dB to 4.7 dB; The stress at the BDF core is exacerbated by pump excitation, where it is elevated by about 26% and 5% compared to vacancy at 1240 nm and 1310 nm pumps, which is most likely attributed to thermal effects. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the effect of residual stresses in the fabrication of optical fibers to better achieve the radius of the expected indicators. This work contributes to the better development of O-band BDFAs, especially for pre-simulation of the actual performance of BDFAs with a practical reference.

Mode coupling in FM-EDFAs caused by fiber bending: theory and experiments

Refractive index perturbation caused by erbium-doped fiber (EDF) bending is inevitable in the fabrication of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). The resulting mode coupling might bring about the deviation of theoretical results from experimental data. We present a theoretical model of FM-EDFAs with mode coupling due to fiber bending and carry out a proof-of-concept experiment by a 3.2-m-long EDF stretcher. Our experiments show that the fluctuation of modal gain due to fiber bending is about 1.5 dB for L P 01 and L P 11e modes, and about 2.5 dB for L P 11o mode, and the theoretical model is more useful for the FM-EDFA design in the presence of fiber bending.