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Shakurov R, Sizova S, Dudik S, Serkina A, Bazhutov M, Stanaityte V, Tulyagin P, Konopsky V, Alieva E, Sekatskii S, Bespyatykh J, Basmanov D. Dendrimer-Based Coatings on a Photonic Crystal Surface for Ultra-Sensitive Small Molecule Detection. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2607. [PMID: 37376252 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate dendrimer-based coatings for a sensitive biochip surface that enhance the high-performance sorption of small molecules (i.e., biomolecules with low molecular weights) and the sensitivity of a label-free, real-time photonic crystal surface mode (PC SM) biosensor. Biomolecule sorption is detected by measuring changes in the parameters of optical modes on the surface of a photonic crystal (PC). We describe the step-by-step biochip fabrication process. Using oligonucleotides as small molecules and PC SM visualization in a microfluidic mode, we show that the PAMAM (poly-amidoamine)-modified chip's sorption efficiency is almost 14 times higher than that of the planar aminosilane layer and 5 times higher than the 3D epoxy-dextran matrix. The results obtained demonstrate a promising direction for further development of the dendrimer-based PC SM sensor method as an advanced label-free microfluidic tool for detecting biomolecule interactions. Current label-free methods for small biomolecule detection, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), have a detection limit down to pM. In this work, we achieved for a PC SM biosensor a Limit of Quantitation of up to 70 fM, which is comparable with the best label-using methods without their inherent disadvantages, such as changes in molecular activity caused by labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Shakurov
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1A Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine (RISBM), Nauchniy Proezd 18, 117246 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Sizova
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1A Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine (RISBM), Nauchniy Proezd 18, 117246 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stepan Dudik
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1A Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine (RISBM), Nauchniy Proezd 18, 117246 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Serkina
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1A Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mark Bazhutov
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1A Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktorija Stanaityte
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1A Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr Tulyagin
- Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine (RISBM), Nauchniy Proezd 18, 117246 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery Konopsky
- Institute of Spectroscopy RAS, 5 Fizicheskaya Street, Troitsk, 108840 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Alieva
- Institute of Spectroscopy RAS, 5 Fizicheskaya Street, Troitsk, 108840 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Sekatskii
- Laboratory of Biological Electron Microscopy, Institute of Physics (IPHYS), BSP 419, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, and Department of Fundamental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Bespyatykh
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1A Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Expertise Department in Anti-Doping and Drug Control, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9, Miusskaya Square, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Pereulok, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Dmitry Basmanov
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1A Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine (RISBM), Nauchniy Proezd 18, 117246 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Pereulok, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
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Deng H, Chen X, Huang Z, Kang S, Zhang W, Li H, Shu F, Lang T, Zhao C, Shen C. Optical Fiber Based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for APES Detection. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175870. [PMID: 34502760 PMCID: PMC8434240 DOI: 10.3390/s21175870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APES) fiber-optic sensor based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) was demonstrated. The MZI was constructed with a core-offset fusion single mode fiber (SMF) structure with a length of 3.0 cm. As APES gradually attaches to the MZI, the external environment of the MZI changes, which in turn causes change in the MZI’s interference. That is the reason why we can obtain the relationships between the APES amount and resonance dip wavelength by measuring the transmission variations of the resonant dip wavelength of the MZI. The optimized amount of 1% APES for 3.0 cm MZI biosensors was 3 mL, whereas the optimized amount of 2% APES was 1.5 mL.
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Physical, Chemical, and Genetic Techniques for Diatom Frustule Modification: Applications in Nanotechnology. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10238738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diatom frustules represent one of the most complex examples of micro- and nano-structured materials found in nature, being the result of a biomineralization process refined through tens of milions of years of evolution. They are constituted by an intricate, ordered porous silica matrix which recently found several applications in optoelectronics, sensing, solar light harvesting, filtering, and drug delivery, to name a few. The possibility to modify the composition and the structure of frustules can further broaden the range of potential applications, adding new functions and active features to the material. In the present work the most remarkable physical and chemical techniques aimed at frustule modification are reviewed, also examining the most recent genetic techniques developed for its controlled morphological mutation.
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Gauglitz G. Critical assessment of relevant methods in the field of biosensors with direct optical detection based on fibers and waveguides using plasmonic, resonance, and interference effects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3317-3349. [PMID: 32313998 PMCID: PMC7214504 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Direct optical detection has proven to be a highly interesting tool in biomolecular interaction analysis to be used in drug discovery, ligand/receptor interactions, environmental analysis, clinical diagnostics, screening of large data volumes in immunology, cancer therapy, or personalized medicine. In this review, the fundamental optical principles and applications are reviewed. Devices are based on concepts such as refractometry, evanescent field, waveguides modes, reflectometry, resonance and/or interference. They are realized in ring resonators; prism couplers; surface plasmon resonance; resonant mirror; Bragg grating; grating couplers; photonic crystals, Mach-Zehnder, Young, Hartman interferometers; backscattering; ellipsometry; or reflectance interferometry. The physical theories of various optical principles have already been reviewed in detail elsewhere and are therefore only cited. This review provides an overall survey on the application of these methods in direct optical biosensing. The "historical" development of the main principles is given to understand the various, and sometimes only slightly modified variations published as "new" methods or the use of a new acronym and commercialization by different companies. Improvement of optics is only one way to increase the quality of biosensors. Additional essential aspects are the surface modification of transducers, immobilization strategies, selection of recognition elements, the influence of non-specific interaction, selectivity, and sensitivity. Furthermore, papers use for reporting minimal amounts of detectable analyte terms such as value of mass, moles, grams, or mol/L which are difficult to compare. Both these essential aspects (i.e., biochemistry and the presentation of LOD values) can be discussed only in brief (but references are provided) in order to prevent the paper from becoming too long. The review will concentrate on a comparison of the optical methods, their application, and the resulting bioanalytical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Gauglitz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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5
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Makiyan F, Rahimi F, Hajati M, Shafiekhani A, Rezayan AH, Ansari-Pour N. Label-free discrimination of single nucleotide changes in DNA by reflectometric interference Fourier transform spectroscopy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:714-720. [PMID: 31228854 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic variation - such as disease susceptibility and differential drug response - has a strong genetic component. Substantial effort has therefore been made to identify causal genomic variants explaining such variation among humans. Point mutations (PMs), which are single nucleotide changes in the genome, have been identified to be the most abundant form of causal genomic variants, making them useful, reliable diagnostic markers. Methods developed to genotype PMs have moved towards solid-phase assays, which not only show greater sensitivity and specificity, but also enable scalability and faster processing time. Most current assays are, however, based on fluorescent probes, which makes them relatively expensive. To develop a more cost-effective label-free genotyping method, we used a porous silicon (PSi) base as an efficient support for DNA biosensing and coupled it with reflectometric interference Fourier transform spectroscopy (RIFTS). To assess the versatility of this approach, we tested both a single nucleotide substitution in VKORC1 (-1639G > A; rs9923231) and a single nucleotide insertion in BRCA1 (5382insC; rs80357906). We demonstrate that the PSi-RIFTS method can efficiently detect both PM types with high sensitivity where hybridization of complementary DNA can be quantifiably differentiated from mismatch and non-complementary hybridization events. In addition, we show that the PSi base with immobilized DNA not only can be re-used to type further samples, but it also remains stable for 14 days, suggesting its potential for high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Makiyan
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Rahimi
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marziyeh Hajati
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azizollah Shafiekhani
- Physics Department, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran; School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hossein Rezayan
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Ansari-Pour
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Rahimi F, Fardindoost S, Ansari-Pour N, Sepehri F, Makiyan F, Shafiekhani A, Rezayan AH. Optimization of Porous Silicon Conditions for DNA-based Biosensing via Reflectometric Interference Spectroscopy. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 20:584-591. [PMID: 30124007 PMCID: PMC6099142 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Substantial effort has been put into designing DNA-based biosensors, which are commonly used to detect presence
of known sequences including the quantification of gene expression. Porous silicon (PSi), as a nanostructured base, has been
commonly used in the fabrication of optimally transducing biosensors. Given that the function of any PSi-based biosensor is
highly dependent on its nanomorphology, we systematically optimized a PSi biosensor based on reflectometric interference
spectroscopy (RIS) detecting the high penetrance breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA1.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, PSi pore sizes on the PSi surface were controlled for optimum filling
with DNA oligonucleotides and surface roughness was optimized for obtaining higher resolution RIS patterns. In addition, the
influence of two different organic electrolyte mixtures on the formation and morphology of the pores, based on various current
densities and etching times on doped p-type silicon, were examined. Moreover, we introduce two cleaning processes which
can efficiently remove the undesirable outer parasitic layer created during PSi formation. Results of all the optimization steps
were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM).
Results DNA sensing reached its optimum when PSi was formed in a two-step process in the ethanol electrolyte
accompanied by removal of the parasitic layer in NaOH solution. These optimal conditions, which result in pore sizes
of approximately 20 nm as well as a low surface roughness, provide a considerable RIS shift upon complementary
sequence hybridization, suggesting efficient detectability.
Conclusion We demonstrate that the optimal conditions identified here makes PSi an attractive solid-phase DNA-based
biosensing method and may be used to not only detect full complementary DNA sequences, but it may also be used for
detecting point mutations such as single nucleotide substitutions and indels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Rahimi
- Division of Nanobiotechnoloy, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Affress:
| | | | - Naser Ansari-Pour
- Biotechnology Group, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
| | - Fatemeh Sepehri
- Division of Nanobiotechnoloy, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Makiyan
- Division of Nanobiotechnoloy, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azizollah Shafiekhani
- Department of Physics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.,School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hossein Rezayan
- Division of Nanobiotechnoloy, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Kashanian S, Rostami E, Harding FJ, McInnes SJP, Al-Bataineh S, Voelcker NH. Controlled Delivery of Levothyroxine Using Porous Silicon as a Drug Nanocontainer. Aust J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/ch15315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Porous silicon (pSi) materials are regarded as promising drug delivery vehicles due to their biocompatibility, in vivo degradation, and resorption. We examine pSi films as a platform for the controlled delivery of levothyroxine, as a means to overcome problems with consistent dosage of this drug by oral administration. Oxidized pSi films were modified with 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), creating a surface chemistry that increased levothyroxine drug loading capacity by 50 % and sustained drug release under physiological conditions for 14 days. Release kinetics from APTES-functionalized films initially followed a zero-order release profile, which is highly desirable for drug delivery. The loading and release profiles of levothyroxine suggest that the film size required to deliver a therapeutic dose is feasible for further consideration as an implantable delivery system.
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Terracciano M, Rea I, De Stefano L, Rendina I, Oliviero G, Nici F, D'Errico S, Piccialli G, Borbone N. Synthesis of mixed-sequence oligonucleotides on mesoporous silicon: chemical strategies and material stability. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:317. [PMID: 25114630 PMCID: PMC4079915 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid screening tests in medical diagnostic and environmental analysis are often based on oligonucleotide biochips. In this paper, we studied the stability of functionalized mesoporous silicon supports in the solid-phase synthesis of oligonucleotides, exploiting several chemical procedures. A 19-mer mixed sequence has been successfully synthesized on aminosilane-modified porous silicon photonic structures. The process and the materials have been characterized by optical reflectivity, atomic force microscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Terracciano
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Council of Research, Naples 80131, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rea
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Council of Research, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Luca De Stefano
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Council of Research, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Ivo Rendina
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Council of Research, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Giorgia Oliviero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Nici
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Errico
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Gennaro Piccialli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Nicola Borbone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
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Lee HJ, Lee KS, Cho JM, Lee TS, Kim I, Jeong DS, Lee WS. Novel aspect in grain size control of nanocrystalline diamond film for thin film waveguide mode resonance sensor application. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:11631-11640. [PMID: 24195713 DOI: 10.1021/am403066k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) thin film growth was systematically investigated for application for the thin film waveguide mode resonance sensor. The NCD thin film was grown on the Si wafer or on the SiO2-coated sapphire substrate using the hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). The structural/optical properties of the samples were characterized by the high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The waveguide modes of the NCD layer were studied by prism coupler technique using laser (wavelength: 632.8 nm) with varying incident angle. A novel aspect was disclosed in the grain size dependence on the growth temperature at the relatively low methane concentration in the precursor gas, which was important for optical property: the grain size increased with decreasing growth temperature, which was contrary to the conventional knowledge prevailing in the microcrystalline diamond (MCD) domain. We have provided discussions to reconcile such observation. An optical waveguide mode resonance was demonstrated in the visible region using the microstructure-controlled transparent NCD thin film waveguide, which provided a strong potential for the waveguide mode resonance sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Joo Lee
- Electronic Materials Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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10
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Kim K, Murphy TE. Porous silicon integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer waveguide for biological and chemical sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:19488-19497. [PMID: 24105496 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.019488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Optical waveguides comprised of nanoporous materials are uniquely suited for on-chip sensing applications, because they allow for a target chemical or analyte to directly infiltrate the optical material that comprises the core of the waveguide. We describe here the fabrication and characterization of nanoporous waveguides, and demonstrate their usefulness in measuring small changes in refractive index when exposed to a test analyte. We use a process of electrochemical etching and laser oxidation to produce channel waveguides and integrated on-chip Mach-Zehnder structures, and we compare the responsivity and interferometric stability of the integrated sensor to that of a fiber-based interferometer. We quantify the detection capability by selectively applying isopropanol to a 200 μm length waveguide segment in one arm of the interferometer, which produces a phase shift of 9.7 π. The integrated interferometer is shown to provide a more stable response in comparison to a comparable fiber-based implementation.
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Bañuls MJ, Puchades R, Maquieira Á. Chemical surface modifications for the development of silicon-based label-free integrated optical (IO) biosensors: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 777:1-16. [PMID: 23622959 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasing interest has been paid to label-free biosensors in recent years. Among them, refractive index (RI) optical biosensors enable high density and the chip-scale integration of optical components. This makes them more appealing to help develop lab-on-a-chip devices. Today, many RI integrated optical (IO) devices are made using silicon-based materials. A key issue in their development is the biofunctionalization of sensing surfaces because they provide a specific, sensitive response to the analyte of interest. This review critically discusses the biofunctionalization procedures, assay formats and characterization techniques employed in setting up IO biosensors. In addition, it provides the most relevant results obtained from using these devices for real sample biosensing. Finally, an overview of the most promising future developments in the fields of chemical surface modification and capture agent attachment for IO biosensors follows.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Bañuls
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Li K, Li G, Xiao F, Lu F, Wang Z, Xu A. Unidirectionally optical coupling from free space into silicon waveguide with wide flat-top angular efficiency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:18545-18554. [PMID: 23038493 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.018545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A grating coupling scheme from free-space light into silicon waveguide with a remarkable property of wide flat-top angular efficiency is proposed and theoretically investigated. The coupling structure is composed of two cascaded gratings with a proper distance between their peak angular efficiencies. A quantitative semi-analytical theory based on coupled-mode models is developed for performance prediction and validated with the fully vectorial aperiodic Fourier modal method (a-FMM). With the theory, wide flat-top angular response is achieved and the conditions are pointed out. Proof-of-principle demonstrations show that the -1 dB angular width, a figure of merit to evaluate the flat-top performance, is broadened to almost 3 to 4 times, and meanwhile the -3 dB angular width, i.e., angular-full-width-half-maximum (AFWHM), is widened to nearly more than twice, compared with the reference gratings composed of the same number of periodic defects. We believe this work will find applications in biological or chemical sensing and novel optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
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13
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Naveas N, Costa VT, Gallach D, Hernandez-Montelongo J, Palma RJM, Garcia-Ruiz JP, Manso-Silván M. Chemical stabilization of porous silicon for enhanced biofunctionalization with immunoglobulin. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2012; 13:045009. [PMID: 27877509 PMCID: PMC5090565 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/4/045009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Porous silicon (PSi) is widely used in biological experiments, owing to its biocompatibility and well-established fabrication methods that allow tailoring its surface. Nevertheless, there are some unresolved issues such as deciding whether the stabilization of PSi is necessary for its biological applications and evaluating the effects of PSi stabilization on the surface biofunctionalization with proteins. In this work we demonstrate that non-stabilized PSi is prone to detachment owing to the stress induced upon biomolecular adsorption. Biofunctionalized non-stabilized PSi loses the interference properties characteristic of a thin film, and groove-like structures resulting from a final layer collapse were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Likewise, direct PSi derivatization with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTS) does not stabilize PSi against immunoglobulin biofunctionalization. To overcome this problem, we developed a simple chemical process of stabilizing PSi (CoxPSi) for biological applications, which has several advantages over thermal stabilization (ToxPSi). The process consists of chemical oxidation in H2O2, surface derivatization with APTS and a curing step at 120 °C. This process offers integral homogeneous PSi morphology, hydrophilic surface termination (contact angle θ = 26°) and highly efficient derivatized and biofunctionalized PSi surfaces (six times more efficient than ToxPSi). All these features are highly desirable for biological applications, such as biosensing, where our results can be used for the design and optimization of the biomolecular immobilization cascade on PSi surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Naveas
- Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Torres Costa
- Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dario Gallach
- Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Hernandez-Montelongo
- Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Jose Martín Palma
- Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Manso-Silván
- Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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McInnes SJP, Szili EJ, Al-Bataineh SA, Xu J, Alf ME, Gleason KK, Short RD, Voelcker NH. Combination of iCVD and porous silicon for the development of a controlled drug delivery system. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:3566-3574. [PMID: 22720638 DOI: 10.1021/am300621k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a pH responsive drug delivery system which was fabricated using a novel approach to functionalize biodegradeable porous silicon (pSi) by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). The assembly involved first loading a model drug (camptothecin, CPT) into the pores of the pSi matrix followed by capping the pores with a thin pH responsive copolymer film of poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) (p(MAA-co-EDMA)) via iCVD. Release of CPT from uncoated pSi was identical in two buffers at pH 1.8 and pH 7.4. In contrast, the linear release rate of CPT from the pSi matrix with the p(MAA-co-EDMA) coating was dependent on the pH; release of CPT was more than four times faster at pH 7.4 (13.1 nmol/(cm(2) h)) than at pH 1.8 (3.0 nmol/(cm(2) h)). The key advantage of this drug delivery approach over existing ones based on pSi is that the iCVD coating can be applied to the pSi matrix after drug loading without degradation of the drug because the process does not expose the drug to harmful solvents or high temperatures and is independent of the surface chemistry and pore size of the nanoporous matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J P McInnes
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Bedford Park, SA 5042 Australia
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Kotkovskiy GE, Kuzishchin YA, Martynov IL, Chistyakov AA, Nabiev I. The photophysics of porous silicon: technological and biomedical implications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:13890-902. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42019h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Rea I, Orabona E, Lamberti A, Rendina I, De Stefano L. A microfluidics assisted porous silicon array for optical label-free biochemical sensing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:34120-3412010. [PMID: 22662045 PMCID: PMC3364833 DOI: 10.1063/1.3626008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A porous silicon (PSi) based microarray has been integrated with a microfluidic system, as a proof of concept device for the optical monitoring of selective label-free DNA-DNA interaction. A 4 × 4 square matrix of PSi one dimensional photonic crystals, each one of 200 μm diameter and spaced by 600 μm, has been sealed by a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channels circuit. The PSi optical microarray elements have been functionalized by DNA single strands after sealing: the microfluidic circuit allows to reduce significantly the biologicals and chemicals consumption, and also the incubation time with respect to a not integrated device. Theoretical calculations, based on finite element method, taking into account molecular interactions, are in good agreement with the experimental results, and the developed numerical model can be used for device optimization. The functionalization process and the interaction between DNA probe and target has been monitored by spectroscopic reflectometry for each PSi element in the microchannels.
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Gauglitz G. Direct optical detection in bioanalysis: an update. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2363-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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