1
|
Fine-scale population spatialization data of China in 2018 based on real location-based big data. Sci Data 2022; 9:624. [PMID: 36241886 PMCID: PMC9568591 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate location-based big data has a high resolution and a direct interaction with human activities, allowing for fine-scale population spatial data to be realized. We take the average of Tencent user location big data as a measure of ambient population. The county-level statistical population data in 2018 was used as the assigned input data. The log linear spatially weighted regression model was used to establish the relationship between location data and statistical data to allocate the latter to a 0.01° grid, and the ambient population data of mainland China was obtained. Extracting street-level (lower than county-level) statistics for accuracy testing, we found that POP2018 has the best fit with the actual permanent population (R2 = 0.91), and the error is the smallest (MSEPOP2018 = 22.48 <MSEWorldPop = 37.24 <MSELandScan = 100.91). This research supplemented in the refined spatial distribution data of people between census years, as well as presenting the application technique of big data in ambient population estimation and zoning mapping. Measurement(s) | population | Technology Type(s) | location-based big data | Factor Type(s) | spatial region | Sample Characteristic - Environment | spatial region | Sample Characteristic - Location | China |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou Q, Wang X, Shu Y, Sun L, Jin Z, Ma Z, Liu M, Bi J, Kinney PL. A stochastic exposure model integrating random forest and agent-based approaches: Evaluation for PM 2.5 in Jiangsu, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128639. [PMID: 35278951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This research proposes an Activity Pattern embedded Air Pollution Exposure Model (AP2EM), based on survey data of when, where, and how people spend their time and indoor/outdoor ratios for microenvironments. AP2EM integrates random forest and agent-based approaches to simulate the stochastic exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) along with indoor and in-vehicle PM2.5 of outdoor origin. The R2 of the linear regression between the model's calculations and personal measurement was 0.65, which was more accurate than the commonly-used aggregated exposure (AE) model and the outdoor exposure (OE) model. The population-weighted PM2.5 exposure estimated by the AP2EM was 36.7 μg/m3 in Jiangsu, China, during 2014-2017. The OE model overestimated exposure by 54.0%, and the AE model underestimated exposure by 6.5%. These misestimate reflect ignorance of traditional studies on effects posed from time spent indoors (~85%) and doing low respiratory rate activities (~93%), problems of biased sampling, and neglecting low probability events. The proposed AP2EM treats activity patterns of individuals as chains and uses stochastic estimates to model activity choices, providing a more comprehensive understanding of human activity and exposure characteristics. Overall, the AP2EM is applicable for other air pollutants in different regions and benefits China's air pollution control policy designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhou Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mao Z, Han H, Zhang H, Ai B. Population spatialization at building scale based on residential population index—A case study of Qingdao city. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269100. [PMID: 35617334 PMCID: PMC9135304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of population spatialization has provided important basic data for urban planning, development, environment and other issues. With the development of urbanization, urban residential buildings are getting higher and higher, and the difference between urban and rural population density is getting larger and larger. At present, most population spatial studies adopt the grid scale, and the population in buildings is evenly divided into various grids, which will lead to the neglect of the population distribution in vertical space, and the authenticity is not strong. In order to improve the accuracy of the population distribution, this paper studied the spatial distribution of population at the building scale, combined the digital surface model (DSM) and the digital elevation model (DEM) to calculate the floor of buildings, and proposed a new index based on the total floor area of residential buildings, called residential population index (RPI). RPI is directly related to the number of people a building can accommodate, so it can effectively estimate the population of both urban and rural areas even if the structure of urban and rural buildings is very different. In addition, this paper combined remote sensing monitoring data with geographic big data and adopted principal component regression (PCR) method to construct RPI prediction model to obtain building-scale population distribution data of Qingdao in 2018, providing ideas for population spatialization research. Through field sampling survey and overall assessment, the results were basically consistent with the actual residential situation. The average error with field survey samples is 14.5%. The R2 is 0.643 and the urbanization rate is 69.7%, which are all higher than WorldPop data set. Therefore, this method can reflect the specific distribution of urban resident population, enhance the heterogeneity and complexity of population distribution, and the estimated results have important reference significance for urban management, urban resource allocation, environmental protection and other fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Mao
- College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Shandong, China
| | - Haifeng Han
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Land Surveying and mapping, Shandong, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Land Surveying and mapping, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Ai
- College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Study on the Spatial Differentiation of the Populations on Both Sides of the “Qinling-Huaihe Line” in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12114545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The “Qinling-Huaihe Line” is the recognized geographical boundary between north and south China. In the context of a widening north–south gap, the large-scale population flow and the implementation of the regional coordinated development strategy, the north–south differentiation of the Chinese population requires further investigation. This study is based on national census data and uses quantitative methods, such as the centralization index, coefficient of variation, hot spot analysis and geodetector, as research methods. This study takes the Qinling-Huaihe Line as the dividing line and aims to extensively explore the spatial differentiation, evolutionary characteristics, and influential factors of the populations on both sides. The main conclusions are as follows: ① From 1982 to 2010, the population share ratio on the south and north sides of the Qinling-Huaihe Line remained at 58:42, showing a distribution pattern of “South more and North less”. ② The area within 200 km from the Qinling-Huaihe Line is a transition area with a stable distribution of the populations on both sides. ③ From 1982 to 2010, the concentration of the population distribution gradually increased on both sides, and the concentration of population on the south side was higher; the characteristics of population growth had significant spatial differences between the two sides. ④ The results calculated by the geodetector method show that socioeconomic factors are the main factors causing the spatial differentiation of the populations, while physical geographical environmental factors have a smaller influence and their influence continues to decrease.
Collapse
|
5
|
Effects of Population Weighting on PM 10 Concentration Estimation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 2020:1561823. [PMID: 32351580 PMCID: PMC7174967 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1561823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) pollution poses a considerable threat to human health, and the first step in quantifying health impacts of human exposure to PM10 pollution is exposure assessment. Population-weighted exposure level (PWEL) estimation is one of the methods that provide a more refined exposure assessment as it includes the spatiotemporal distribution of the population into the pollution concentration estimation. This study assessed the population weighting effects on the estimated PM10 concentrations in Malaysia for years 2000, 2008, and 2013. Estimated PM10 annual mean concentrations with a spatial resolution of 5 kilometres retrieved from satellite data and population count obtained from the Gridded Population of the World version 4 (GPWv4) from the Centre for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) were overlaid to generate the PWEL of PM10 for each state. The calculated PWEL of PM10 concentrations were then classified based on the World Health Organization (WHO) and the national Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) and interim targets (IT) for comparison. Results revealed that the annual mean PM10 concentrations in Malaysia ranged from 31 to 73 µg/m3 but became generally lower, ranging from 20 to 72 µg/m3 after population weighting, suggesting that the PM10 population exposure in Malaysia might have been overestimated. PWEL of PM10 distribution showed that the majority of the population lived in areas that complied with the national AQG, but were vulnerable to exposure level 3 according to the WHO AQG and IT, indicating that the population was nevertheless potentially exposed to significant health effects from long-term exposure to PM10 pollution.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zou B, Li S, Lin Y, Wang B, Cao S, Zhao X, Peng F, Qin N, Guo Q, Feng H, Matthew CJ, Xu S, Duan X. Efforts in reducing air pollution exposure risk in China: State versus individuals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105504. [PMID: 32032774 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
China has made great efforts towards air pollutant concentration control during the past five years, which has led to positive outcomes. However, air pollutant concentration focused efforts were considered separately from human exposure risk. And this might result in a misunderstanding that reducing exposure risk can only rely on the national level measures of air pollutant control. This study integrates the first Chinese survey of human activity patterns and the spatially continuous high-resolution PM2.5 concentration maps to reveal the spatial and temporal variations of China's air pollution exposure risk from 2013 to 2017. More importantly, the effects on risk reduction from multi-scale and multi-object perspectives (reductions of ambient PM2.5 concentrations by national or provincial measures and changes of individual behavior patterns by personal efforts) are deeply investigated. Results show that the reductions of PM2.5 concentration and associated reductions of exposure risk from 2013 to 2017 were 40% and 35.7%, respectively. They also showed that both the reduction of PM2.5 concentrations and change of personal behavior patterns were effective for risk reduction when China's total PM2.5 exposure risk was higher than 1.58. However, only individual behavior changes contributed to risk reduction for scenarios with state-level risk value below 1.58. For regional strategies, threshold values for PM2.5 exposure risk control differentiating national measures or personal efforts were spatially and temporally dependent. The role of personal behavior changes on PM2.5 exposure risk reduction was growing in these five years with concentration rapidly decreasing regions. The findings suggest that people-centered air pollution exposure risk prevention not only depends on government management for air pollution control, but also on individual changes of activity patterns. Efforts from the state and individuals are both essential for reducing air pollution exposure risk in China, especially growing individual efforts are needed in regions with the decreasing air pollutant concentrations in the coming future. Moreover, this study mainly discussed the PM2.5 exposure risk from the macroscopic perspective, the research at the microcosmic perspective is also needed in the further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zou
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Shenxin Li
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Suzhen Cao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fen Peng
- School of Architecture, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Ning Qin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qian Guo
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huihui Feng
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Campen J Matthew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Shunqing Xu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Modeling Population Density using a New Index Derived from Multi-Sensor Image Data. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11222620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The detailed information about the spatial distribution of the population is crucial for analyzing economic growth, environmental change, and natural disaster damage. Using the nighttime light (NTL) imagery for population estimation has been a topic of interest in recent decades. However, the effectiveness of NTL data in population estimation has been impeded by some limitations such as the blooming effect and underestimation in rural regions. To overcome these limitations, we combine the NPP-VIIRS day/night band (DNB) data with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) data derived from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra satellite, to create a new vegetation temperature light population index (VTLPI). A statistical model is developed to predict 250m grid-level population density based on the proposed VTLPI and the least square regression approach. After that, a case study is implemented using the data of Sichuan Province, China in 2015, and the results indicates that the VTLPI-estimated population density outperformed the results from other two methods based on nighttime light imagery or human settlement index, and the three publicized population products, LandScan, WorldPop, and GPW. When using the census data as reference, the mean relative error and median absolute relative error on a township level are 0.29 and 0.12, respectively, and the root-mean-square error is 212 persons/km2. The results show that our VTLPI-based model can achieve a better estimation of population density in rural areas and urban suburbs and characterize more spatial variations at 250m grid level both in both urban and rural areas. The resultant population density offers better population exposure data for assessing natural disaster risk and loss as well as other related applications.
Collapse
|
8
|
Improving the Accuracy of Fine-Grained Population Mapping Using Population-Sensitive POIs. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11212502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many methods have been used to generate gridded population maps by downscaling demographic data. As one of these methods, the accuracy of the dasymetric model depends heavily on the covariates. Point-of-interest (POI) data, as important covariates, have been widely used for population estimation. However, POIs are often used indiscriminately in existing studies. A few studies further used selected categories of POIs identified based only on the nonspatial quantitative relationship between the POIs and population. In this paper, the spatial association between the POIs and population distribution was considered to identify the POIs with a strong spatial correlation with the population distribution, i.e., population-sensitive POIs. The ability of population-sensitive POIs to improve the fine-grained population mapping accuracy was explored by comparing the results of random forest dasymetric models driven by population-sensitive POIs, all POIs, and no POIs, along with the same sets of multisource remote sensing and social sensing data. The results showed that the model driven by population-sensitive POI had the highest accuracy. Population-sensitive POIs were also more effective in improving the population mapping accuracy than were POIs selected based only on their quantitative relationship with the population. The model built using population-sensitive POIs also performed better than the two popular gridded population datasets WorldPop and LandScan. The model we proposed in this study can be used to generate accurate spatial population distribution information and contributes to achieving more reliable analyses of population-related social problems.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dube YP, Ruktanonchai CW, Sacoor C, Tatem AJ, Munguambe K, Boene H, Vilanculo FC, Sevene E, Matthews Z, von Dadelszen P, Makanga PT. How accurate are modelled birth and pregnancy estimates? Comparison of four models using high resolution maternal health census data in southern Mozambique. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e000894. [PMID: 31354980 PMCID: PMC6623987 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Existence of inequalities in quality and access to healthcare services at subnational levels has been identified despite a decline in maternal and perinatal mortality rates at national levels, leading to the need to investigate such conditions using geographical analysis. The need to assess the accuracy of global demographic distribution datasets at all subnational levels arises from the current emphasis on subnational monitoring of maternal and perinatal health progress, by the new targets stated in the Sustainable Development Goals. Methods The analysis involved comparison of four models generated using Worldpop methods, incorporating region-specific input data, as measured through the Community Level Intervention for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) project. Normalised root mean square error was used to determine and compare the models’ prediction errors at different administrative unit levels. Results The models’ prediction errors are lower at higher administrative unit levels. All datasets showed the same pattern for both the live birth and pregnancy estimates. The effect of improving spatial resolution and accuracy of input data was more prominent at higher administrative unit levels. Conclusion The validation successfully highlighted the impact of spatial resolution and accuracy of maternal and perinatal health data in modelling estimates of pregnancies and live births. There is a need for more data collection techniques that conduct comprehensive censuses like the CLIP project. It is also imperative for such projects to take advantage of the power of mapping tools at their disposal to fill the gaps in the availability of datasets for populated areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolisa Prudence Dube
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Surveying and Geomatics, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Andrew J Tatem
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Helena Boene
- Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Manhica, Mozambique
| | | | | | - Zoe Matthews
- Department of Social Statistics and Demography, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Prestige Tatenda Makanga
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Surveying and Geomatics, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Evaluation of the Equity of Urban Park Green Space Based on Population Data Spatialization: A Case Study of a Central Area of Wuhan, China. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19132929. [PMID: 31269765 PMCID: PMC6651491 DOI: 10.3390/s19132929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To measure the equity of urban park green space, spatial matching between service supply and user group demand should be taken into consideration. However, if the demographic data, with the administrative division as the basic unit, are directly applied to characterize the spatial distribution of a user group, it may introduce inevitable deviation into the evaluation results due to the low-resolution nature and modifiable areal unit problem of such data. Taking the central area of Wuhan as an example, the population data spatialization method based on land use modeling was used to build a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model of land cover type and demographic data, and the spatial distribution of the population of the 150 m grid was obtained by inversion. Then, the equity of park green space in Wuhan central city was evaluated by population spatial data and network accessibility. The results showed that (1) the range of park green space in the central urban area of Wuhan was within a walking distance of 15 min, accounting for 25.8% of the total study area and covering 54.2% of the population in the study area; (2) the equity of park green space in Hongshan District was the worst; (3) and the use of population spatial data can measure equity on a more precise scale.
Collapse
|
11
|
Monitoring Land Cover Change and Disturbance of the Mount Wutai World Cultural Landscape Heritage Protected Area, Based on Remote Sensing Time-Series Images from 1987 to 2018. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11111332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The contextual-based multi-source time-series remote sensing and proposed Comprehensive Heritage Area Threats Index (CHATI) index are used to analyze the spatiotemporal land use/land cover (LULC) and threats to the Mount Wutai World Heritage Area. The results show disturbances, such as forest coverage, vegetation conditions, mining area, and built-up area, in the research area changed dramatically. According to the CHATI, although different disturbances have positive or negative influences on environment, as an integrated system it kept stable from 1987 to 2018. Finally, this research uses linear regression and the F-test to mark the remarkable spatial-temporal variation. In consequence, the threats on Mount Wutai be addressed from the macro level and the micro level. Although there still have some drawbacks, the effectiveness of threat identification has been tested using field validation and the results are a reliable tool to raise the public awareness of WHA protection and governance.
Collapse
|
12
|
Li J, Liu H, Lv Z, Zhao R, Deng F, Wang C, Qin A, Yang X. Estimation of PM 2.5 mortality burden in China with new exposure estimation and local concentration-response function. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1710-1718. [PMID: 30408858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The estimation of PM2.5-related mortality is becoming increasingly important. The accuracy of results is largely dependent on the selection of methods for PM2.5 exposure assessment and Concentration-Response (C-R) function. In this study, PM2.5 observed data from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center, satellite-derived estimation, widely collected geographic and socioeconomic information variables were applied to develop a national satellite-based Land Use Regression model and evaluate PM2.5 exposure concentrations within 2013-2015 with the resolution of 1 km × 1 km. Population weighted concentration declined from 72.52 μg/m3 in 2013 to 57.18 μg/m3 in 2015. C-R function is another important section of health effect assessment, but most previous studies used the Integrated Exposure Regression (IER) function which may currently underestimate the excess relative risk of exceeding the exposure range in China. A new Shape Constrained Health Impact Function (SCHIF) method, which was developed from a national cohort of 189,793 Chinese men, was adopted to estimate the PM2.5-related premature deaths in China. Results showed that 2.19 million (2013), 1.94 million (2014), 1.65 million (2015) premature deaths were attributed to PM2.5 long-term exposure, different from previous understanding around 1.1-1.7 million. The top three provinces of the highest premature deaths were Henan, Shandong, Sichuan, while the least ones were Tibet, Hainan, Qinghai. The proportions of premature deaths caused by specific diseases were 53.2% for stroke, 20.5% for ischemic heart disease, 16.8% for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 9.5% for lung cancer. IER function was also used to calculate PM2.5-related premature deaths with the same exposed level used in SCHIF method, and the comparison of results indicated that IER had made a much lower estimation with less annual amounts around 0.15-0.5 million premature deaths within 2013-2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhaofeng Lv
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ruzhang Zhao
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Fanyuan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Chufan Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Anqi Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- SINOPEC Economics and Development Research Institute, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou Q, Yang J, Liu M, Liu Y, Sarnat S, Bi J. Toxicological Risk by Inhalation Exposure of Air Pollution Emitted from China's Municipal Solid Waste Incineration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11490-11499. [PMID: 30234980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration has developed rapidly in China. However, the air pollution-related health risks attributable to MSW incinerators are still far from known. In this context, an MSW incineration emission inventory was compiled using plant-level activity data and localized emission factors. Subsequently, Gaussian Plume Model and Risk Quotients Model were utilized to calculate the spatialized hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR). Altogether, 76449 tons (t) of NO X, 25725 t of SO2, 16937 t of CO, 9279 t of HCl, 5629 t of particulate matter, 33 t of Cr, 33 t of Pb, 20 t of Hg, 6 t of Cd, 4 t of Ni, 0.4 t of As, and 94 g-toxic equivalent quantity of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans were emitted in 2015. The national average HI was 1.88 × 10-2, which was far lower than the acceptable level (HI ≤ 1). However, the national average CR was 5.71 × 10-6, which was approximately five times higher than the acceptable level (CR ≤ 1 × 10-6). The spatial heterogeneity of health risks was observed. The results enrich spatial dimensions of prior estimates and provide policy implications from the aspects of accelerating technology upgrades, strengthening emission standards, optimizing site selection and enhancing risk communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Jianxun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Stefanie Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li L, Li J, Jiang Z, Zhao L, Zhao P. Methods of Population Spatialization Based on the Classification Information of Buildings from China's First National Geoinformation Survey in Urban Area: A Case Study of Wuchang District, Wuhan City, China. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18082558. [PMID: 30081569 PMCID: PMC6111606 DOI: 10.3390/s18082558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most of the currently mature methods that are used globally for population spatialization are researched on a single level, and are dependent on the spatial relationship between population and land covers (city, road, water area, etc.), resulting in difficulties in data acquisition and an inability to identify precise features on the different levels. This paper proposes a multi-level population spatialization method on the different administrative levels with the support of China’s first national geoinformation survey, and then considers several approaches to verify the results of the multi-level method. This paper aims to establish a multi-level population spatialization method that is suitable for the administrative division of districts and streets. It is assumed that the same residential house has the same population density on the district level. Based on this assumption, the least squares regression model is used to obtain the optimized prediction model and accurate population space prediction results by dynamically segmenting and aggregating house categories.In addition, it is assumed that the distribution of the population is relatively regular in communities that are spatially close to each other, and that the population densities on the street level are similar, so the average population density is assessed by optimizing the community and surrounding residential houses on the street level. Finally, the scientificalness and rationality of the proposed method is proved by spatial autocorrelation analysis, overlay analysis, cross-validation analysis and accuracy assessment methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linze Li
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Jiansong Li
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Zilong Jiang
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Lingli Zhao
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping & Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Evaluating Grid Size Suitability of Population Distribution Data via Improved ALV Method: A Case Study in Anhui Province, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su10010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Liu M, Huang Y, Jin Z, Ma Z, Liu X, Zhang B, Liu Y, Yu Y, Wang J, Bi J, Kinney PL. The nexus between urbanization and PM 2.5 related mortality in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 227:15-23. [PMID: 28454017 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The launch of China's new national urbanization plan, coupled with increasing concerns about air pollution, calls for better understandings of the nexus between urbanization and the air pollution-related health. Based on refined estimates of PM2.5 related mortality in China, we developed an Urbanization-Excess Deaths Elasticity (U-EDE) indicator to measure the marginal PM2.5 related mortality caused by urbanization. We then applied statistical models to estimate U-EDE and examined the modification effects of income on U-EDE. Urbanization in China between 2004 and 2012 led to increased PM2.5 related mortality. A 1% increase in urbanization was associated with a 0.32%, 0.14%, and 0.50% increase in PM2.5 related mortality of lung cancer, stroke, and ischemic heart disease. U-EDEs were modified by income with an inverted U curve, i.e., lower marginal impacts at the lowest and highest income levels. In addition, we projected the future U-EDE trend of China as a whole and found that China had experienced the peak of U-EDE and entered the second half of the inverted U-shaped curve. In the near future, national average U-EDE in China will decline along with the improvement of income level if no dramatic changes happen. However, the decreased U-EDE only implies that marginal PM2.5-related mortality brought by urbanization would decrease in China. Total health damage of urbanization will keep going up in the predictable future because the U-EDE is always positive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yining Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhou Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jinnan Wang
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Building an Urban Spatial Structure from Urban Land Use Data: An Example Using Automated Recognition of the City Centre. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi6040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
18
|
Liu M, Huang Y, Ma Z, Jin Z, Liu X, Wang H, Liu Y, Wang J, Jantunen M, Bi J, Kinney PL. Spatial and temporal trends in the mortality burden of air pollution in China: 2004-2012. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 98:75-81. [PMID: 27745948 PMCID: PMC5479577 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
While recent assessments have quantified the burden of air pollution at the national scale in China, air quality managers would benefit from assessments that disaggregate health impacts over regions and over time. We took advantage of a new 10×10km satellite-based PM2.5 dataset to analyze spatial and temporal trends of air pollution health impacts in China, from 2004 to 2012. Results showed that national PM2.5 related deaths from stroke, ischemic heart disease and lung cancer increased from approximately 800,000 cases in 2004 to over 1.2 million cases in 2012. The health burden exhibited strong spatial variations, with high attributable deaths concentrated in regions including the Beijing-Tianjin Metropolitan Region, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Sichuan Basin, Shandong, Wuhan Metropolitan Region, Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, Henan, and Anhui, which have heavy air pollution, high population density, or both. Increasing trends were found in most provinces, but with varied growth rates. While there was some evidence for improving air quality in recent years, this was offset somewhat by the countervailing influences of in-migration together with population growth. We recommend that priority areas for future national air pollution control policies be adjusted to better reflect the spatial hotspots of health burdens. Satellite-based exposure and health impact assessments can be a useful tool for tracking progress on both air quality and population health burden reductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yining Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhou Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haikun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jinnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Matti Jantunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Environment and Health Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xie R, Sabel CE, Lu X, Zhu W, Kan H, Nielsen CP, Wang H. Long-term trend and spatial pattern of PM 2.5 induced premature mortality in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 97:180-186. [PMID: 27614532 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With rapid economic growth, China has witnessed increasingly frequent and severe haze and smog episodes over the past decade, posing serious health impacts to the Chinese population, especially those in densely populated city clusters. Quantification of the spatial and temporal variation of health impacts attributable to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has important implications for China's policies on air pollution control. In this study, we evaluated the spatial distribution of premature deaths in China between 2000 and 2010 attributable to ambient PM2.5 in accord with the Global Burden of Disease based on a high resolution population density map of China, satellite retrieved PM2.5 concentrations, and provincial health data. Our results suggest that China's anthropogenic ambient PM2.5 led to 1,255,400 premature deaths in 2010, 42% higher than the level in 2000. Besides increased PM2.5 concentration, rapid urbanization has attracted large population migration into the more developed eastern coastal urban areas, intensifying the overall health impact. In addition, our analysis implies that health burdens were exacerbated in some developing inner provinces with high population density (e.g. Henan, Anhui, Sichuan) because of the relocation of more polluting and resource-intensive industries into these regions. In order to avoid such national level environmental inequities, China's regulations on PM2.5 should not be loosened in inner provinces. Furthermore policies should create incentive mechanisms that can promote transfer of advanced production and emissions control technologies from the coastal regions to the interior regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Clive E Sabel
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Xi Lu
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, P.R. China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Weimo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chris P Nielsen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Haikun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Assessment of Population Exposure to Coarse and Fine Particulate Matter in the Urban Areas of Chennai, India. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:643714. [PMID: 26258167 PMCID: PMC4516836 DOI: 10.1155/2015/643714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research outcomes from the epidemiological studies have found that the course (PM10) and the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are mainly responsible for various respiratory health effects for humans. The population-weighted exposure assessment is used as a vital decision-making tool to analyze the vulnerable areas where the population is exposed to critical concentrations of pollutants. Systemic sampling was carried out at strategic locations of Chennai to estimate the various concentration levels of particulate pollution during November 2013–January 2014. The concentration of the pollutants was classified based on the World Health Organization interim target (IT) guidelines. Using geospatial information systems the pollution and the high-resolution population data were interpolated to study the extent of the pollutants at the urban scale. The results show that approximately 28% of the population resides in vulnerable locations where the coarse particulate matter exceeds the prescribed standards. Alarmingly, the results of the analysis of fine particulates show that about 94% of the inhabitants live in critical areas where the concentration of the fine particulates exceeds the IT guidelines. Results based on human exposure analysis show the vulnerability is more towards the zones which are surrounded by prominent sources of pollution.
Collapse
|
21
|
A Novel Method for Simulating Urban Population Potential Based on Urban Patches: A Case Study in Jiangsu Province, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/su7043984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
22
|
Sun Z, An X, Tao Y, Hou Q. Assessment of population exposure to PM10 for respiratory disease in Lanzhou (China) and its health-related economic costs based on GIS. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:891. [PMID: 24069906 PMCID: PMC3852930 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of the adverse health effects of PM10 pollution (particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter) is very important for protecting human health and establishing pollution control policy. Population exposure estimation is the first step in formulating exposure data for quantitative assessment of harmful PM10 pollution. METHODS In this paper, we estimate PM10 concentration using a spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution 0.01° × 0.01°. PM10 concentration data from monitoring stations are spatially interpolated, based on accurate population data in 2000 using a geographic information system. Then, an interpolated population layer is overlaid with an interpolated PM10 concentration layer, and population exposure levels are calculated. Combined with the exposure-response function between PM10 and health endpoints, economic costs of the adverse health effects of PM10 pollution are analyzed. RESULTS The results indicate that the population in Lanzhou urban areas is distributed in a narrow and long belt, and there are relatively large population spatial gradients in the XiGu, ChengGuan and QiLiHe districts. We select threshold concentration C0 at: 0 μg m(-3) (no harmful health effects), 20 μg m(-3) (recommended by the World Health Organization), and 50 μg m(-3) (national first class standard in China) to calculate excess morbidity cases. For these three scenarios, proportions of the economic cost of PM10 pollution-related adverse health effects relative to GDP are 0.206%, 0.194% and 0.175%, respectively. The impact of meteorological factors on PM10 concentrations in 2000 is also analyzed. Sandstorm weather in spring, inversion layers in winter, and precipitation in summer are important factors associated with change in PM10 concentration. CONCLUSIONS The population distribution by exposure level shows that the majority of people live in polluted areas. With the improvement of evaluation criteria, economic damage of respiratory disease caused by PM10 is much bigger. The health effects of Lanzhou urban residents should not be ignored. The government needs to find a better way to balance the health of residents and economy development. And balance the pros and cons before making a final policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Sun
- Beijing Meteorological Observatory, Beijing 100089, China
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingqin An
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Tao
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qing Hou
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang X, Ma H. Natural environment suitability of China and its relationship with population distributions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 6:3025-39. [PMID: 20049243 PMCID: PMC2800331 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6123025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The natural environment factor is one of the main indexes for evaluating human habitats, sustained economic growth and ecological health status. Based on Geographic Information System (GIS) technology and an analytic hierarchy process method, this article presents the construction of the Natural Environment Suitability Index (NESI) model of China by using natural environment data including climate, hydrology, surface configuration and ecological conditions. The NESI value is calculated in grids of 1 km by 1 km through ArcGIS. The spatial regularity of NESI is analyzed according to its spatial distribution and proportional structure. The relationship of NESI with population distribution and economic growth is also discussed by analyzing NESI results with population distribution data and GDP data in 1 km by 1 km grids. The study shows that: (1) the value of NESI is higher in the East and lower in the West in China; The best natural environment area is the Yangtze River Delta region and the worst are the northwest of Tibet and southwest of Xinjiang. (2) There is a close correlation among natural environment, population distribution and economic growth; the best natural environment area, the Yangtze River Delta region, is also the region with higher population density and richer economy. The worst natural environment areas, Northwest and Tibetan Plateau, are also regions with lower population density and poorer economies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Yang
- State Key Lab of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences & Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +86-10-6488-8608
| | - Hanqing Ma
- State Key Lab of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences & Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; E-Mail:
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|