Development of membrane selective electrode for determination of the antipsychotic sulpiride in pharmaceuticals and urine

Recent advances in polymeric nanostructured ion selective membranes for biomedical applications

Nano structured ion-selective membranes (ISMs) are very attractive materials for a wide range of sensing and ion separation applications. The present review focuses on the design principles of various ISMs; nanostructured and ionophore/ion acceptor doped ISMs, and their use in biomedical engineering. Applications of ISMs in the biomedical field have been well-known for more than half a century in potentiometric analysis of biological fluids and pharmaceutical products. However, the emergence of nanotechnology and sophisticated sensing methods assisted in miniaturising ion-selective electrodes to needle-like sensors that can be designed in the form of implantable or wearable devices (smartwatch, tattoo, sweatband, fabric patch) for health monitoring. This article provides a critical review of recent advances in miniaturization, sensing and construction of new devices over last decade (2011-2021). The designing of tunable ISM with biomimetic artificial ion channels offered intensive opportunities and innovative clinical analysis applications, including precise biosensing, controlled drug delivery and early disease diagnosis. This paper will also address the future perspective on potential applications and challenges in the widespread use of ISM for clinical use. Finally, this review details some recommendations and future directions to improve the accuracy and robustness of ISMs for biomedical applications.

Preparation and characterization of novel MWCNTs/Fe-Co doped TNTs nanocomposite for potentiometric determination of sulpiride in real water samples

Novel multiwalled carbon nanotubes/ Fe-Co doped titanate nanotubes nanocomposite (MWCNTs/Fe-Co doped TNTs) facilitated the charge transfer and enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. Herein, three novel modified carbon paste sensors (CPSs) based on MWCNTs (sensor I), Fe-Co doped TNTs (sensor II) and MWCNTs/Fe-Co doped TNTs composite (sensor III) were fabricated for a simple, low cost and high accuracy electrochemical method for the potentiometric determination of sulpiride (SLP). The sensors exhibited excellent Nernstian slopes 57.1 ± 0.4, 56 ± 0.5 and 58.8 ± 0.2 mV decade⁻¹ with detection limits (DL) 7.6 × 10⁻⁷, 1.58 × 10⁻⁶ and 8.7 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹, quantification limits (QL) 2.5 × 10⁻⁶, 5.2 × 10⁻⁶ and 2.9 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ for a long lifetime 20, 18, and 25 weeks for sensors (I), (II), and (III), respectively. The modified sensor (III) was applicable by measuring the concentration of spiked SLP in pure solutions, pharmaceutical products, human urine, and real water samples. The proposed method can be used as an important analytical tool in the quality control of the pharmaceutical industry.

A Novel Potentiometric PVC-membrane Cysteamine-Selective Electrode Based on Cysteamine-Phosphomolybdate Ion-Pair

Background:

Cysteamine is used as an orphan drug in the treatment of cystinosis to prevent long-term cystine accumulation in lysosomes. Dosing in cysteamine treatment is extremely important and overdose may cause some side effects. Up to now, various analytical methods have been used for cysteamine determination. Many of these methods require sophisticated instruments, expert operators, time-consuming measurement procedures and manipulation steps, expensive supplies and long analysis time.

Aims and Objective:

The present study deals with the development of a potentiometric PVC-membrane cysteamine-selective electrode based on an ion-pair of cysteamine and its application in a pharmaceutical formulation.

Methods:

Cysteamine (Cys)-Phosphomolybdate (PM) ion-pair was synthesized by mixing the equal volumes of 10-2 M Cysteamine HCl and sodium phosphomolybdate aqueous solutions. The obtained precipitate was used as ionophore in the structure of PVC-membrane.

Results and Discussion:

The electrode exhibited a linear response in the concentration range of 1.0×10- 1-1.0×10-5 M cysteamine with a slope of 51,7 mV per decade and detection limit of 1.0×10-5 M. The potentiometric response of the electrode was very rapid (5 s), adequately repeatable, stable and selective. pH working range and life-time of the electrode were also determined as 3.0-7.0 and 25 days, respectively.

Conclusion:

A PVC-membrane cysteamine selective electrode was easily prepared. Cysteamine determination in a pharmaceutical formulation was performed. Analysis results indicated that it can be successfully used in drug quality control laboratories for routine analysis of cysteamine in pharmaceutical preparations alternative to more sophisticated, expensive and time-consuming analytical methods.

Electrochemical Analysis of Antipsychotics

Introduction:

Schizophrenia is seizures accompanied by severe psychotic symptoms, and a steady state of continuation in the form of periods of stagnation. Antipsychotics are now the basis of treatment for schizophrenia and there is no other molecule that is antipsychotic priority in treatment. Antipsychotics can be classified into two groups; dopamine receptor antagonists such as promazine, fluphenazine etc. and serotonin-dopamine antagonists including risperidone, olanzapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole etc.

Materials and Methods:

Electrochemical methods have been used for the determination of antipsychotic agent just as used in the determination of many drug agents. Nearly all of the antipsychotics are electroactive and can be analyzed by electrochemical methods. Electroanalytical methods offer generally high sensitivity, are compatible with modern techniques, have low cost, low requirements, and compact design. Among the most commonly used types, there are cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry.

Conclusion:

The aim of this review is to evaluate the main line and the advantages and uses of electroanalytical methods that employed for the determination of antipsychotic medication agents used in schizophrenia. Moreover, applications of the methods to pharmaceutical analysis of Antipsychotics upto- date is also summarized in a table.

State-of-the-art of (bio)chemical sensor developments in analytical Spanish groups

(Bio)chemical sensors are one of the most exciting fields in analytical chemistry today. The development of these analytical devices simplifies and miniaturizes the whole analytical process. Although the initial expectation of the massive incorporation of sensors in routine analytical work has been truncated to some extent, in many other cases analytical methods based on sensor technology have solved important analytical problems. Many research groups are working in this field world-wide, reporting interesting results so far. Modestly, Spanish researchers have contributed to these recent developments. In this review, we summarize the more representative achievements carried out for these groups. They cover a wide variety of sensors, including optical, electrochemical, piezoelectric or electro-mechanical devices, used for laboratory or field analyses. The capabilities to be used in different applied areas are also critically discussed.