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Furuta K, Byrne J, Luat K, Cheung C, Carter DO, Tipton L, Perrault Uptmor KA. Volatile organic compounds produced during postmortem processes can be linked via chromatographic profiles to individual postmortem bacterial species. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1728:465017. [PMID: 38797136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Decomposition odor is produced during postmortem mammalian tissue breakdown by bacteria, insects, and intrinsic chemical processes. Past research has not thoroughly investigated which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be linked directly to individual bacterial species on decomposing remains. The purpose of this study was to profile the VOCs produced over time by individual species of bacteria using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) to expand our foundational knowledge of what each bacterial species contributes to decomposition odor. Five different species of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Ignatzschineria indica, Ignatzschineria ureiclastica, Curtobacterium luteum, and Vagococcus lutrae) were cultured on standard nutrient agar individually and monitored daily using solid phase microextraction arrow (SPME Arrow) and GC×GC in combination with quadrupole mass spectrometry (qMS) and flame ionization detection (FID). The GC×GC-qMS/FID approach was used to generate rich VOC profiles that represented the bacterial species' metabolic VOC production longitudinally. The data obtained from the chromatographic output was used to compare with a prior study using one-dimensional GC-qMS, and also between each of the five species to investigate the extent of overlap between species. No single VOC could be found in all five bacterial species investigated, and there was little overlap in the profile between species. To further visualize these differences, chromatographic peak data was investigated using two different ordination strategies, principal component analysis (PCA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). The two ordination strategies were compared with each other using a Procrustes analysis. This was performed to understand differences in ordination strategies between the separation science community and chemical ecological community. Overall, ordination strategies were found to produce similar results, as evidenced by the correlation of PCA and PCoA in the Procrustes analysis. All analysis strategies yielded distinct VOC profiles for each species. Further study of additional species will support understanding of the holistic view of decomposition odor from a chemical ecology perspective, and further support our understanding of the production of decomposition odor that culminates from such a complex environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Furuta
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States
| | - Julianne Byrne
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States
| | - Kawailani Luat
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States
| | - Cynthia Cheung
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States
| | - David O Carter
- Laboratory of Forensic Taphonomy, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States
| | - Laura Tipton
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States; Departments of Biology and Mathematics & Statistics, James Madison University, United States
| | - Katelynn A Perrault Uptmor
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States; Nontargeted Separations Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, United States.
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2
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Chaves RS, Rodrigues JE, Santos MM, Benoliel MJ, Cardoso VV. Development of multi-residue gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry methodologies for the measurement of 15 chemically different disinfection by-products (DBPs) of emerging concern in drinking water from two different Portuguese water treatment plants. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4967-4976. [PMID: 36441195 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01401g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In water treatment plants (WTPs), chemical agents, such as chlorine and ozone, might react with organic matter and anthropogenic contaminants, forming a high diversity of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Due to the potential toxicological effects, the identification of unregulated DBPs (UR-DBPs) is critical to help water managers in the selection of effective water treatment processes, contributing to improving water safety plans. Given the limited validated analytical methods to detect UR-DBPs, here we developed new multi-residue gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry methodologies for the detection and quantification of 15 UR-DBPs, including aldehydes, haloketones (HKs), nitrosamines and alcohols, in drinking water matrices. Solid-phase extraction (SPE), for the nitrosamine group, and solid-phase micro extraction (SPME), for the remaining DBPs, were used as sample preparation methods. The developed methodologies allowed the quantification of target UR-DBPs at trace concentration levels (ng L-1), with method quantification limits (MQLs) ranging from 14.4 ng L-1 to 26.0 ng L-1 (SPE-GC-MS) and 2.3 ng L-1 and 1596 ng L-1 (SPME-GC-MS). The methods were applied to different drinking water matrices, considering distinct delivery points of EPAL - Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres WTPs. Overall, the aldehyde group, represented by decanal, nonanal and 2-ethylheaxanal, showed the highest occurrence, followed by HKs and nitrosamines. The results of this study suggested that the formation of these UR-DBPs should be further monitored in WTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Chaves
- Institute of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
- Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A., Direção Laboratórios e de Controlo da Qualidade da Água, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joao E Rodrigues
- Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A., Direção Laboratórios e de Controlo da Qualidade da Água, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal.
- FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Benoliel
- Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A., Direção Laboratórios e de Controlo da Qualidade da Água, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vitor V Cardoso
- Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A., Direção Laboratórios e de Controlo da Qualidade da Água, Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Zou J, Zhang S, Duan S, Winniford B. Development of a flow‐cell coupled to dynamic
SPME
technique for automated measurement of fragrance emission from fabric. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zou
- R&D Division Dow Chem (China) Invest Co. Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Shiling Zhang
- R&D Division Dow Chem (China) Invest Co. Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Shuyu Duan
- R&D Division Dow Chem (China) Invest Co. Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Bill Winniford
- R&D Division Dow Chem (China) Invest Co. Ltd Shanghai China
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4
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Leemans M, Bauër P, Cuzuel V, Audureau E, Fromantin I. Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis as a Potential Novel Screening Tool for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review. Biomark Insights 2022; 17:11772719221100709. [PMID: 35645556 PMCID: PMC9134002 DOI: 10.1177/11772719221100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An early diagnosis is crucial in reducing mortality among people who have breast cancer (BC). There is a shortfall of characteristic early clinical symptoms in BC patients, highlighting the importance of investigating new methods for its early detection. A promising novel approach is the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced and emitted through the metabolism of cancer cells. Methods The purpose of this systematic review is to outline the published research regarding BC-associated VOCs. For this, headspace analysis of VOCs was explored in patient-derived body fluids, animal model-derived fluids, and BC cell lines to identify BC-specific VOCs. A systematic search in PubMed and Web of Science databases was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Results Thirty-two studies met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Results highlight that VOC analysis can be promising as a potential novel screening tool. However, results of in vivo, in vitro and case-control studies have delivered inconsistent results leading to a lack of inter-matrix consensus between different VOC sampling methods. Discussion Discrepant VOC results among BC studies have been obtained, highly due to methodological discrepancies. Therefore, methodological issues leading to disparities have been reviewed and recommendations have been made on the standardisation of VOC collection and analysis methods for BC screening, thereby improving future VOC clinical validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Bauër
- Institut Curie, Ensemble hospitalier, Unité Plaies et Cicatrisation, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Cuzuel
- Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Etienne Audureau
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Service de Santé Publique, Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Fromantin
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France
- Institut Curie, Ensemble hospitalier, Unité Plaies et Cicatrisation, Paris, France
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5
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Evaluation of New, Sputtered Carbon SPME Fibers with a Multi-Functional Group Test Mixture. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8120228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first fabrication of sputtered carbon, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers. These fibers have competitive extraction capabilities compared with the commercial carbon wide range (CWR) SPME fiber. This report also includes a demonstration of a newly developed SPME test mix that includes 15 different compounds with a wide range of functional groups and chemical properties. The fiber fabrication process involves sputtering carbon onto fused silica fibers, and the effects of throw distance on the morphology of the carbon coatings were studied. Four different carbon coating thicknesses were evaluated, with PDMS added as a stationary phase. These fibers were characterized with multiple analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle (WCA) goniometry, as well as headspace (HS) and direct immersion (DI)–SPME–GC–MS. The best (11.5 µm) sputtered carbon SPME fibers, with and without PDMS, were evaluated using the new evaluation mix and compared with the commercial CWR fiber and a previously sputtered/developed silicon fiber. The new probe mix helped elucidate differences among the fibers, which would have been missed by current commercial test mixes. The sputtered carbon SPME fibers showed similar functional group selectivity as commercial CWR fibers. However, the sputtered carbon fibers showed higher responses per volume compared with the commercial CWR fiber, indicating the porous morphology of the sputtered carbon has the ability to overcome large phase thickness/volume discrepancies and increase the relative recovery for various compounds.
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6
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Determination of selected volatile terpenes in fish samples via solid phase microextraction arrow coupled with GC-MS. Talanta 2021; 221:121446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Cannon C, Stejskal S, Perrault KA. The volatile organic compound profile from Cimex lectularius in relation to bed bug detection canines. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Kai M. Diversity and Distribution of Volatile Secondary Metabolites Throughout Bacillus subtilis Isolates. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:559. [PMID: 32322244 PMCID: PMC7156558 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis releases a broad range of volatile secondary metabolites, which are considered as long- and short distance infochemical signals mediating inter- and intra-specific processes. In addition, they often show antimicrobial or antifungal activities. This review attempts to summarize yet known volatile secondary metabolites produced and emitted by Bacillus subtilis isolates focusing on the structural diversity and distribution patterns. Using in vitro volatile-collection systems, 26 strains of B. subtilis isolated from different habitats were found to produce in total 231 volatile secondary metabolites. These volatile secondary metabolites comprised mainly hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, ester, acids, aromatics, sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds. Reviewed data revealed to a great extent isolate-specific emission patterns. The production and release of several volatile bioactive compounds was retained in isolates of the species B. subtilis, while volatiles without a described function seemed to be isolate-specifically produced. Detailed analysis, however, also indicated that the original data were strongly influenced by insufficient descriptions of the bacterial isolates, heterogeneous and poorly documented culture conditions as well as sampling techniques and inadequate compound identification. In order to get deeper insight into the nature, diversity, and ecological function of volatile secondary metabolites produced by B. subtilis, it will be necessary to follow well-documented workflows and fulfill state-of-the-art standards to unambiguously identify the volatile metabolites. Future research should consider the dynamic of a bacterial culture leading to differences in cell morphology and cell development. Single cell investigations could help to attribute certain volatile metabolites to defined cell forms and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Kai
- Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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9
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Ruiz-Jimenez J, Lan H, Leleev Y, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML. Comparison of multiple calibration approaches for the determination of volatile organic compounds in air samples by solid phase microextraction Arrow and in-tube extraction. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1616:460825. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Vardali SC, Manousi N, Barczak M, Giannakoudakis DA. Novel Approaches Utilizing Metal-Organic Framework Composites for the Extraction of Organic Compounds and Metal Traces from Fish and Seafood. Molecules 2020; 25:E513. [PMID: 31991663 PMCID: PMC7036755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of organic and inorganic pollutants in fish samples is a complex and demanding process, due to their high protein and fat content. Various novel sorbents including graphene, graphene oxide, molecular imprinted polymers, carbon nanotubes and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been reported for the extraction and preconcentration of a wide range of contaminants from fish tissue. MOFs are crystalline porous materials that are composed of metal ions or clusters coordinated with organic linkers. Those materials exhibit extraordinary properties including high surface area, tunable pore size as well as good thermal and chemical stability. Therefore, metal-organic frameworks have been recently used in many fields of analytical chemistry including sample pretreatment, fabrication of stationary phases and chiral separations. Various MOFs, and especially their composites or hybrids, have been successfully utilized for the sample preparation of fish samples for the determination of organic (i.e., antibiotics, antimicrobial compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.) and inorganic pollutants (i.e., mercury, palladium, cadmium, lead, etc.) as such or after functionalization with organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia C. Vardali
- Institute of Biological Marine Resources, Hellenic Center of Marine Research, Agios Kosmas, Hellenikon, 16777 Athens, Greece
| | - Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mariusz Barczak
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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11
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Borries FA, Kudla AM, Kim S, Allston TD, Eddingsaas NC, Shey J, Orts WJ, Klamczynski AP, Glenn GM, Miri MJ. Ketalization of 2-heptanone to prolong its activity as mite repellant for the protection of honey bees. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6267-6277. [PMID: 31259414 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Heptanone is a volatile liquid known to be effective in protecting honey bees from parasitic mite infestations in hives. The present study aimed to show that chemical derivatives of 2-heptanone would release the ketone for a significantly longer time than it takes for the pure ketone to evaporate and preferably for as long as two brood cycles of a honey bee (42 days). RESULTS A liquid ketal of 2-heptanone with glycerol (Glyc-Ket) and solid ketals of the ketone with polyvinyl alcohol (PVAl-Ket), containing different amounts of the ketone, were synthesized. The fully resolved 1 H and 13 C nuclear magenetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the ketals are discussed. In the case of the polymer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of a ketal was also compared with the unketalized polyvinyl alcohol. The length of time for which 2-heptanone was released by the ketals was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the headspace. In the case of Glyc-Ket, the concentration of the 2-heptanone in the liquid phase was also monitored by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The deketalization was pH dependent, ranging between 2.0 and 2.5 for Glyc-Ket and between 2.0 and 3.5 for PVAl-Ket. CONCLUSION Under bee hive conditions, the release of 55 mmol 2-heptanone from Glyc-Ket lasted for 42 days, whereas the release of the ketone from the PVAl-Ket with a similar amount of the ketone lasted for 23 days, versus a maximum of 17 days for an equivalent amount of the pure ketone. These ketals therefore have the potential to be effective mite repellants for the protection of honey bees. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic A Borries
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Amber M Kudla
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Seohyun Kim
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Thomas D Allston
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nathan C Eddingsaas
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Justin Shey
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - William J Orts
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Artur P Klamczynski
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Gregory M Glenn
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Massoud J Miri
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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12
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Cernosek T, Eckert KE, Carter DO, Perrault KA. Volatile Organic Compound Profiling from Postmortem Microbes using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 2019; 65:134-143. [PMID: 31479524 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are by-products of cadaveric decomposition and are responsible for the odor associated with decomposing remains. The direct link between VOC production and individual postmortem microbes has not been well characterized experimentally. The purpose of this study was to profile VOCs released from three postmortem bacterial isolates (Bacillus subtilis, Ignatzschineria indica, I. ureiclastica) using solid-phase microextraction arrow (SPME Arrow) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Species were inoculated in headspace vials on Standard Nutrient Agar and monitored over 5 days at 24°C. Each species exhibited a different VOC profile that included common decomposition VOCs. VOCs exhibited upward or downward temporal trends over time. Ignatzschineria indica produced a large amount of dimethyldisulfide. Other compounds of interest included alcohols, aldehydes, aromatics, and ketones. This provides foundational data to link decomposition odor with specific postmortem microbes to improve understanding of underlying mechanisms for decomposition VOC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terezie Cernosek
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Forensic Sciences Unit, Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, HI
| | - Kevin E Eckert
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Forensic Sciences Unit, Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, HI
| | - David O Carter
- Laboratory of Forensic Taphonomy, Forensic Sciences Unit, Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, HI
| | - Katelynn A Perrault
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Forensic Sciences Unit, Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, HI
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13
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Dibner H, Mangca Valdez C, Carter DO. An Experiment to Characterize the Decomposer Community Associated with Carcasses (
Sus scrofa domesticus
) on Oahu, Hawaii. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1412-1420. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Dibner
- Laboratory of Forensic Taphonomy Forensic Sciences Unit Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Chaminade University of Honolulu Honolulu HI 96816
- SNA International, supporting Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Laboratory Joint Base Pearl Harbor‐Hickam Honolulu HI 96853
| | - Chelsie Mangca Valdez
- Laboratory of Forensic Taphonomy Forensic Sciences Unit Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Chaminade University of Honolulu Honolulu HI 96816
- Division of Social Sciences University of Hawaii – West Oahu Kapolei HI 96707
| | - David O. Carter
- Laboratory of Forensic Taphonomy Forensic Sciences Unit Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Chaminade University of Honolulu Honolulu HI 96816
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