Applications of Hollow-Fiber and Related Microextraction Techniques for the Determination of Pesticides in Environmental and Food Samples—A Mini Review

Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for multiclass emerging contaminant quantification in water samples

The hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction allows highly selective concentration of organic compounds that are at trace levels. The determination of those analytes through the supercritical fluid chromatography usage is associated with many analytical benefits, which are significantly increased when it is coupled to a mass spectrometry detector, thus providing an extremely sensitive analytical technique with minimal consumption of organic solvents. On account of this, a hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction technique in two-phase mode combined with supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was developed for quantifying 19 multiclass emerging contaminants in water samples in a total chromatographic time of 5.5 min. The analytical method used 40 μL of 1-octanol placed in the porous-walled polypropylene fiber as the acceptor phase, and 1 L of water sample was the donor phase. After extraction and quantification techniques were optimized in detail, a good determination coefficient (r² > 0.9905) in the range of 0.1 to 100 μg L^-1, for most of the analytes, and an enrichment factor in the range of 7 to 28,985 were obtained. The recovery percentage (%R) and intraday precision (%RSD) were in the range of 80.80-123.40%, and from 0.48 to 16.89%, respectively. Limit of detection and quantification ranged from 1.90 to 35.66 ng L^-1, and from 3.41 to 62.11 ng L^-1, respectively. Finally, the developed method was successfully used for the determination of the 19 multiclass emerging contaminants in superficial and wastewater samples.