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Sakata H, Hashizume S, Amma R, Hisano G, Murata H, Takemura H, Usui F, Hobara H. Anterior-posterior ground reaction forces across a range of running speeds in unilateral transfemoral amputees. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:69-80. [PMID: 33112726 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1822434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As a fundamental motor pattern, the ability to run at a range of constant speeds is a prerequisite for participating in competitive games and recreational sports. However, it remains unclear how unilateral transfemoral amputees modulate anterior and posterior ground reaction force impulses (GRFIs) in order to maintain constant running speeds. The purpose of this study was to investigate anterior and posterior GRFIs across a wide range of constant running speeds in unilateral transfemoral amputees wearing a running-specific prosthesis. Eleven runners with unilateral transfemoral amputation ran on an instrumented treadmill at 5 different speeds (30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% of the average velocity of their 100-m personal records). Anterior-posterior ground reaction forces (GRFs) were measured at 1000 Hz over 14 consecutive steps. Impulse, magnitude, and duration of anterior and posterior GRFs were compared between the affected and unaffected limbs at each speed. The net anterior-posterior GRFI, reflecting the changes in horizontal running velocity, was consistently positive (propulsion) in the affected limb and negative (braking) in the unaffected limb at all speeds. Regardless of running speed, unilateral transfemoral amputees maintain constant running speeds not over each step, but over 2 consecutive steps (i.e., one stride).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sakata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Hashizume
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ryo Amma
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genki Hisano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Systems and Control Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Murata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Usui
- Prosthetics and Orthotics Support Center, Tetsudou Kousaikai Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hobara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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Marmeleira J. Performance of Athletes With Visual Impairment in Track-and-Field Events at the Paralympic Games, From 1988 to 2016. JOURNAL OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT & BLINDNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0145482x221109243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The Paralympic movement has grown considerably over the last decades, but few studies have analyzed the performance evolution of the best athletes with disabilities. This study examined the performance of athletes with visual impairments in track-and-field events over eight Paralympic Games (1988–2016). Method: Results in the Paralympic track-and-field events for athletes with visual impairments (and in the corresponding track-and-field Olympic events) were collected from official public websites. Results: Analysis showed that most performances at Paralympic track-and-field events increased linearly over the years, which finding contrasts with the general stagnation in Olympic events. The improvements from 1988 to 2016 in Paralympic sprinting, middle- and long-distance running, throwing, and long-jumping events were 4.0–16.3%, 3.2–16.2%, 23.0–54.2%, and 4.9–18.9%, respectively. Men had better performances than women in running, throwing, and jumping events. In general, sports classes with a less severe level of visual impairment achieved higher performance levels than those with a more severe level of visual impairment, especially men. The competition density of Paralympic track-and-field events showed modest improvements. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that the performance of track-and-field athletes with visual impairments have been improving persistently over the last eight Paralympic Games, confirming that Paralympic athletes are achieving high-level performances. Implications for Practitioners: This study will be helpful for coaches and athletes with visual impairments who are setting performance (and training) goals for the Paralympic Games and other international athletic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marmeleira
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Evora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Évora, Portugal
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Schipman J, Gallo P, Marc A, Antero J, Toussaint JF, Sedeaud A, Marck A. Age-Related Changes in Para and Wheelchair Racing Athlete's Performances. Front Physiol 2019; 10:256. [PMID: 30949064 PMCID: PMC6436002 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, all para-athletes with disabilities have significantly increased their performance level due to technological progress and human investment, through better training or recovery protocols, medical care and nutritional monitoring. Among these elements, the athlete’s age is one of the determining factors in performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of age on maximal performances for para-athletes and wheelchair racing athletes, scaled on able-bodied records. We collected 53,554 results including athlete’s best performance of the year, event, age and disability classification from the International Paralympic Committee competitions between 2009 and 2017 for both female and male para-athletics and wheelchair racing disciplines for a total of 472 sport events in Track and Field (considering each impairment type for each event) and gathered the all-time able-bodied records from the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) at the end of 2017. Maximal performance by age was fitted with the Moore function for each para-athletics and wheelchair racing event. This study finds a similar age-related pattern in maximal performance among para-athletes and wheelchair racing athletes. The age at peak performance varies according to sex, impairment type and event and increases gradually from sprint to endurance events. The best Top 100 performances include a large age range suggesting that performance has probably not been optimized yet for most elite para-athletes and wheelchair racers. The next Paralympic Games of Tokyo 2020 and Paris 2024 will certainly offer exceptional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Schipman
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport, EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pasquale Gallo
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport, EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut de Formation en Masso-Kinésithérapie Valentin Haüy, Paris, France
| | - Andy Marc
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport, EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport, EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport, EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigations en Médecine du Sport, Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Sedeaud
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport, EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Marck
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport, EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Programme Interdisciplinaire de Recherche la Dynamique du Vieillir, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Abstract
Prostheses form an essential part of participation in sport and physical activity for athletes with lower or upper limb amputation. These prostheses come in the form of everyday nonsport-specific prostheses, as well as sport-specific prostheses designed to enable participation in specific sports. Sport-specific prostheses are designed to the requirements of the sport to facilitate the achievement of peak performance without causing significant risk of injury. This article addresses the various factors associated with participation in sport and physical activity for individuals with amputation, including the various prostheses for upper and lower limbs and prostheses for different sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Grobler
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Stellenbosch University, Suidwal Street, Coetzenburg, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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Dyer B. The controversy of sports technology: a systematic review. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:524. [PMID: 26405644 PMCID: PMC4575312 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes or introductions of technology or equipment can affect how a sport is played or influence its performances. This article conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature to identify any case studies of controversial events surrounding the implementation or use of sports technology. 56 articles were identified that highlighted 31 different case studies found over a three decade time period. Thematic analysis revealed six distinctive themes when reviewing the articles. Whilst the sport of golf had the highest number of case studies, it was found that a significant level of attention had been recorded in the cases of Oscar Pistorius use of prosthetic legs in athletics and the use of full length swimsuits in swimming. The trend surrounding the number of articles was shown to be initially intermittent but saw a peak period from 2008 to 2010. However, the frequency of such articles since this peak has been more consistent. It is proposed that long periods of time without intervention or resolution by a governing body often increases the peer-reviewed attention paid to such cases in examples such as those identified in this systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Dyer
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB UK
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