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Philipp NM, McKay B, Martin E, Cabarkapa D, Fry AC, Troester J. Between-rater reliability for using radar technology to quantify maximal horizontal deceleration performance in NCAA division 1 American football and female lacrosse athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1384476. [PMID: 39011348 PMCID: PMC11246955 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1384476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction With recent increases in the popularity of studying the physical construct of horizontal deceleration performance in team-sport athletes, the aim of the present study was to assess the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of processing and quantifying horizontal deceleration ability using radar technology. Methods Data from 92 NCAA Division 1 athletes from two different athletic teams (American football and Lacrosse) were used for the present investigation. All athletes performed two trials of the modified acceleration to deceleration assessment (ADA), which consisted of a maximal 10 m sprint acceleration, followed by a rapid deceleration. Four individual raters manually processed raw, radar-derived instantaneous velocity data for the ADA, and an automated script was used to calculate metrics of interest. Results Primary study findings suggest moderate to excellent levels of agreement (ICC = 0.56-0.91) for maximal horizontal deceleration metrics between the four individual raters. The intra-rater analyses revealed poor to excellent consistency (ICC = 0.31-0.94) between ADA trials, with CV%'s ranging from 3.1% to 13.2%, depending on the respective metric and rater. Discussion Our data suggests that if a foundational understanding and agreement of manual data processing procedures for radar-derived data is given between raters, metrics may be interpreted with moderate to excellent levels of confidence. However, when possible, and when using the Stalker ATS radar technology, authors recommend that practitioners use one trained individual to manually process raw data. Ideally, this process should become fully automated, based on selected filters or algorithms, rather than the subjectivity of the rater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M. Philipp
- Jayhawk Athletic PerformanceLaboratory—Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Ben McKay
- Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Athletic Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Ethan Martin
- Athletic Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Dimitrije Cabarkapa
- Jayhawk Athletic PerformanceLaboratory—Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Andrew C. Fry
- Jayhawk Athletic PerformanceLaboratory—Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Jordan Troester
- Athletic Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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Štuhec S, Planjšek P, Čoh M, Mackala K. Multicomponent Velocity Measurement for Linear Sprinting: Usain Bolt's 100 m World-Record Analysis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1254. [PMID: 38002378 PMCID: PMC10669785 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this report is to provide additional analysis and commentary on the men's 100 m world record of 9.58 s, set by Usain Bolt in the 2009 Berlin World Championships in Athletics. In addition, the entire race underwent a unique kinematic analysis, particularly emphasizing the maximum running velocity and its related factors. It was possible due the application of the new Stuhec software. The data were provided by LAVEG'S advanced laser measurement technology based on positional data with a high spatiotemporal resolution. The maximum velocity phase is the most critical determinant of the final race time. Bolt completed two phases in this world-record 100 m sprint: acceleration and top velocity. The borderline between these phases reached the highest velocity of 12.32 m/s on a 52 m run. He could keep the maximum velocity in five 10 m sections (50-100 m). The occurrence of functional asymmetry-the difference in step length between the left and right legs-was also noticed. Longer steps were taken with the left leg, almost over 80 m. From a practical point of view, new technologies (e.g., software) allow coaches and athletes to analyze the kinematic parameters of sprinting even more precisely and in detail. They must take into account precise changes in the course of maximum speed and the parameters determining it which are step length and frequency. Based on such an analysis, it is possible to modify the training process aimed at increasing the potential, both maximum speed and the supporting factors of strength and power. This must be conditioned by the appropriate selection of training measures shaping the abovementioned motor skills and parameters describing the optimal sprinting technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Štuhec
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova Ul. 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Planjšek
- Ljubljana School of Business, Management and Informatics, Tržaška Cesta 42, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Čoh
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova Ul. 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Krzysztof Mackala
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Science, Ul. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
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Štuhec S, Planjšek P, Ptak M, Čoh M, Mackala K. Application of the Laser Linear Distance-Speed-Acceleration Measurement System and Sport Kinematic Analysis Software. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5876. [PMID: 35957434 PMCID: PMC9371152 DOI: 10.3390/s22155876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The industrial development of technology, with appropriate adaptation, enables us to discover possibilities in sport training control. Therefore, we have developed a new approach to linear running analysis. This study aims to determine the measurement possibilities using an LDM301A laser system in obtaining basic kinematic parameters. The second goal is the application of specialized computer programs based on appropriate algorithms to calculate a vast number of variables that can be used to adjust the training and the rivalry. It is a non-invasive, non-contact measurement method. We can also determine the influence of both subjective and objective external factors. In this way, we can also conduct training with real-time scientific feedback. This method is easy to use and requires very little time to set up and use. The efficiency and running economy can be calculated with various time, speed, acceleration, and length indexes. Calculating the symmetries between the left and right leg in velocity, stride lengths, support phase times, flight phase times, and step frequency are possible. Using the laser measurement method and detailed kinematic analysis may constitute a new chapter in measuring speed. However, it still has to compete with classic photocell measurement methods. This is mainly due to their high frequency of measurement used, despite some reservations about the scale of measurement errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanko Štuhec
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Planjšek
- Ljubljana School of Business, Management and Informatics, Tržaška cesta 42, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mariusz Ptak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lukasiewicza 7/9, 50-371 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Milan Čoh
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Krzysztof Mackala
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Science, Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
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Ghigiarelli JJ, Ferrara KJ, Poblete KM, Valle CF, Gonzalez AM, Sell KM. Level of Agreement, Reliability, and Minimal Detectable Change of the Musclelab TM Laser Speed Device on Force-Velocity-Power Sprint Profiles in Division II Collegiate Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10040057. [PMID: 35447867 PMCID: PMC9027472 DOI: 10.3390/sports10040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the level of agreement (Pearson product-moment correlation [rP]), within- and between-day reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]), and minimal detectable change of the MusclelabTM Laser Speed (MLS) device on sprint time and force−velocity−power profiles in Division II Collegiate athletes. Twenty-two athletes (soccer = 17, basketball = 2, volleyball = 3; 20.1 ± 1.5 y; 1.71 ± 0.11 m; 70.7 ± 12.5 kg) performed three 30-m (m) sprints on two separate occasions (seven days apart). Six time splits (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 m), horizontal force (HZT F0; N∙kg−1), peak velocity (VMAX; m∙s−1), horizontal power (HZT P0; W∙kg−1), and force−velocity slope (SFV; N·s·m−1·kg−1) were measured. Sprint data for the MLS were compared to the previously validated MySprint (MySp) app to assess for level of agreement. The MLS reported good to excellent reliability for within- and between-day trials (ICC = 0.69−0.98, ICC = 0.77−0.98, respectively). Despite a low level of agreement with HZT F0 (rP = 0.44), the MLS had moderate to excellent agreement across nine variables (rp = 0.68−0.98). Bland−Altman plots displayed significant proportional bias for VMAX (mean difference = 0.31 m∙s−1, MLS < MySp). Overall, the MLS is in agreement with the MySp app and is a reliable device for assessing sprint times, VMAX, HZT P0, and SFV. Proportional bias should be considered for VMAX when comparing the MLS to the MySp app.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J. Ghigiarelli
- Department of Allied Health and Kinesiology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11787, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.M.G.); (K.M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-516-463-5122
| | - Keith J. Ferrara
- Department of Athletics, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA;
| | - Kevin M. Poblete
- Department of Allied Health and Kinesiology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11787, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.M.G.); (K.M.S.)
| | | | - Adam M. Gonzalez
- Department of Allied Health and Kinesiology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11787, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.M.G.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Katie M. Sell
- Department of Allied Health and Kinesiology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11787, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.M.G.); (K.M.S.)
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Deceleration Training in Team Sports: Another Potential 'Vaccine' for Sports-Related Injury? Sports Med 2021; 52:1-12. [PMID: 34716561 PMCID: PMC8761154 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity horizontal decelerations occur frequently in team sports and are typically performed to facilitate a reduction in momentum preceding a change of direction manoeuvre or following a sprinting action. The mechanical underpinnings of horizontal deceleration are unique compared to other high-intensity locomotive patterns (e.g., acceleration, maximal sprinting speed), and are characterised by a ground reaction force profile of high impact peaks and loading rates. The high mechanical loading conditions observed when performing rapid horizontal decelerations can lead to tissue damage and neuromuscular fatigue, which may diminish co-ordinative proficiency and an individual’s ability to skilfully dissipate braking loads. Furthermore, repetitive long-term deceleration loading cycles if not managed appropriately may propagate damage accumulation and offer an explanation for chronic aetiological consequences of the ‘mechanical fatigue failure’ phenomenon. Training strategies should look to enhance an athlete’s ability to skilfully dissipate braking loads, develop mechanically robust musculoskeletal structures, and ensure frequent high-intensity horizontal deceleration exposure in order to accustom individuals to the potentially damaging effects of intense decelerations that athletes will frequently perform in competition. Given the apparent importance of horizontal decelerations, in this Current Opinion article we provide considerations for sport science and medicine practitioners around the assessment, training and monitoring of horizontal deceleration. We feel these considerations could lead to new developments in injury-mitigation and physical development strategies in team sports.
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Dos’Santos T, Thomas C, Jones PA. How early should you brake during a 180° turn? A kinetic comparison of the antepenultimate, penultimate, and final foot contacts during a 505 change of direction speed test. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:395-405. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1823130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dos’Santos
- Human Performance Laboratory, Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Thomas
- Human Performance Laboratory, Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Paul A. Jones
- Human Performance Laboratory, Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
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Harper DJ, Morin JB, Carling C, Kiely J. Measuring maximal horizontal deceleration ability using radar technology: reliability and sensitivity of kinematic and kinetic variables. Sports Biomech 2020:1-17. [PMID: 32731845 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1792968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Radar technology has the potential for providing new insights into maximal horizontal deceleration ability. This study aimed to investigate the intra- and inter-day reliability and sensitivity of kinematic and kinetic variables obtained from a novel, maximal horizontal deceleration test, using radar technology. Thirty-eight university sport athletes completed testing for intra-day analysis. Twelve of these participants also completed the deceleration test on a second day for inter-day analysis. The maximal horizontal deceleration test required participants to decelerate maximally following 20 m maximal horizontal sprint acceleration. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV%). Sensitivity was evaluated by comparing typical error (TE) to the smallest worthwhile change (SWC). A number of kinematic and kinetic variables had good (ICC > 0.75, CV < 10%) overall intra-day reliability, and were sensitive to detect small-to-moderate changes in deceleration performance after a single familiarisation session. Only kinetic variables had good overall inter-day reliability and were sensitive to detect moderate changes in deceleration performance. The utilisation of this test protocol to assess maximal horizontal deceleration can provide new insights into individual maximal horizontal deceleration capabilities. Future work using this or similar approaches may provide insights into the neuromuscular performance qualities needed to decelerate maximally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J. Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Expertise in Sports and Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
| | | | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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