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Liu X, Wu H, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhu H, Li Z, Shan P, Yuan Z. Comparative assessment of Chinese mitten crab aquaculture in China: Spatiotemporal changes and trade-offs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122544. [PMID: 37709121 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The increasing human demand for high-quality animal protein has provided impetus for the development of aquaculture. Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is a catadromous species rapidly being cultured in China but scientific literature documenting its life cycle environmental and economic consequences remains scarce. This study aims to address this gap by examining the spatio-temporal evolution of crab aquaculture in China since the 2000s and evaluating the environmental and economic characteristics along its life-cycle stages: megalopa, juvenile crab, and adult crab cultivation. The geostatistical analysis shows a more dispersed pattern of crab aquaculture nationally as crab grows, with coastal provinces that have brackish water for megalopa cultivation but wider spatial coverage for juvenile and adult crab cultivation. Our findings reveal that the production of 1 ton of live-weight crab results in 7.65 ton of CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gas emissions, surpassing previous estimates for finfish fish production by approximately 50%. Most environmental pressures occur during the adult crab cultivation stage, with significant contributions from upstream processes such as electricity and feed production. By comparing between different production systems, our study shows that crab aquaculture in lake systems performs better than pond systems in terms of most global environmental impact categories and economic considerations. This work contributes to the existing literature by elucidating the spatio-temporal changes of crab aquaculture boom in China and constructing a representative life cycle data pool that broadens the benchmark knowledge on its environmental and economic characteristics. We highlight the trade-offs between environmental and economic performance as well as the balance between global and local environmental impacts to promote sustainable growth in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zeru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Pengguang Shan
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Zengwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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2
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Ziegler F, Hilborn R. Fished or farmed: Life cycle impacts of salmon consumer decisions and opportunities for reducing impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158591. [PMID: 36089015 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salmon is a nutritious and popular food among consumers predominantly in wealthy countries around the world. Since the mid-1990s farmed salmon production has exceeded wild salmon harvest, and is now 80 % of total global salmon supply. The environmental impacts of farmed salmon are frequently discussed and consumers are faced with a multitude of choices even after deciding to have salmon for dinner: species, production method, origin, product form. We present life cycle impacts of fresh and frozen salmon products, originating in purse seine fisheries for pink salmon and gill net fisheries for sockeye salmon in Alaska, when sold on markets in Europe and the United States. Norwegian salmon products are then modelled to the same markets in fresh and frozen form, based on literature data. Impact categories included were greenhouse gas emissions, marine eutrophication, marine ecotoxicity and land use. A fish in, fish out ratio is also calculated and differences in content of nutrients and contaminants described. Frozen products from wild sockeye and pink salmon had the lowest emissions in both markets. For consumers in the U.S. and Europe, wild salmon products have 46-86 % and 12-71 % lower greenhouse gas emissions than farmed Norwegian salmon, respectively, depending on species and product form. Farmed salmon also had higher land use, marine ecotoxic and eutrophying emissions and fish in, fish out ratio. Important differences exist in nutritional and contaminant content between the three types of salmon production. Improvement options as well as an optimized supply chain are modelled showing greenhouse gas reduction opportunities of 40-50 % also for the best performing chains. Results can be used as a baseline for improved data collection and emission reductions. Recommendations for consumers, industry and policymakers who can facilitate and even drive development towards more sustainable salmon products are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Ziegler
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Agriculture and Food, PO Box 5401, 402 29 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Ray Hilborn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences and Center for Sustaining Seafood, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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3
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Rodrigues DP, Calado R, Pinho M, Rosário Domingues M, Antonio Vázquez J, Ameixa OMCC. Bioconversion and performance of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) in the recovery of nutrients from expired fish feeds. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 141:183-193. [PMID: 35134619 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In modern aquaculture systems, feed is the main source of the waste being produced, including expired aquafeeds. There is a link between the expiration date of aquafeeds enriched with fish oil for marine fish and the observation of several physical and microbiological changes. Among these, lipid oxidation is worth highlighting, as this process is responsible for the loss of palatability of aquafeeds, which can lead to feeding rejection by the species being farmed. In this study, we used an expired fish aquafeed, which otherwise would be discarded as waste, as a substrate to feed Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae. Different replacement levels of expired aquafeed were used which unravelled the amount of n-3 fatty acids added to larval tissues of BSF larvae after 2, 7, and 10 days of feeding. Our results also showed that shorter trials and higher diet replacement levels induced a deleterious effect on final larval weight. Furthermore, amino acid and fatty acid larval contents were shaped by the supplied diet, with results supporting the inclusion of BSF meal in aquafeeds, due to the levels of lysine (5.6-8.9%), methionine (1.9-3.2%), and omega-3 fatty acids (14.5%) recorded. These results demonstrate that the re-introduction of an expired resource aiming to diversify the source of aquafeeds raw materials can be safely achieved through BSF biotransformation. Overall, BSF larvae can successfully recover important nutrients for aquafeeds targeting marine species and foster the production of value-added insects under a circular bioeconomy framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P Rodrigues
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Calado
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marisa Pinho
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, España
| | - Olga M C C Ameixa
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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4
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Baer J, DeWeber JT, Rösch R, Brinker A. Aquaculture of Coregonid Species — Quo vadis? ANN ZOOL FENN 2021. [DOI: 10.5735/086.058.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Baer
- Fisheries Research Station Baden-Württemberg (LAZBW), Argenweg 50/1, D-88085 Langenargen, Germany
| | - J. Tyrell DeWeber
- Fisheries Research Station Baden-Württemberg (LAZBW), Argenweg 50/1, D-88085 Langenargen, Germany
| | - Roland Rösch
- Fisheries Research Station Baden-Württemberg (LAZBW), Argenweg 50/1, D-88085 Langenargen, Germany
| | - Alexander Brinker
- Fisheries Research Station Baden-Württemberg (LAZBW), Argenweg 50/1, D-88085 Langenargen, Germany
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5
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Tlusty MF. Food-Based Dietary Guidelines for Seafood Do Not Translate into Increased Long-Chain Omega-3 Levels in the Diet for U.S. Consumers. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081816. [PMID: 34441593 PMCID: PMC8392505 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans under-consume fish, especially species high in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Food-based dietary guidelines are one means for nations to encourage the consumption of healthy, nutritious food. Here, associations between dietary omega-3 consumption and food-based dietary guidelines, gross domestic product, the ranked price of fish, and the proportions of marine fish available at a national level were assessed. Minor associations were found between consumption and variables, except for food-based dietary guidelines, where calling out seafood in FBDGs did not associate with greater consumption. This relationship was explored for consumers in the United States, and it was observed that the predominant seafood they ate, shrimp, resulted in little benefit for dietary omega-3 consumption. Seafood is listed under the protein category in the U.S. Dietary Guidelines, and aggregating seafood under this category may limit a more complete understanding of its nutrient benefits beyond protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Tlusty
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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Ruiz-Salmón I, Laso J, Margallo M, Villanueva-Rey P, Rodríguez E, Quinteiro P, Dias AC, Almeida C, Nunes ML, Marques A, Cortés A, Moreira MT, Feijoo G, Loubet P, Sonnemann G, Morse AP, Cooney R, Clifford E, Regueiro L, Méndez D, Anglada C, Noirot C, Rowan N, Vázquez-Rowe I, Aldaco R. Life cycle assessment of fish and seafood processed products - A review of methodologies and new challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:144094. [PMID: 33360652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely applied in many different sectors, but the marine products and seafood segment have received relatively little attention in the past. In recent decades, global fish production experienced sustained growth and peaked at about 179 million tonnes in 2018. Consequently, increased interest in the environmental implications of fishery products along the supply chain, namely from capture to end of life, was recently experienced by society, industry and policy-makers. This timely review aims to describe the current framework of LCA and its application to the seafood sector that mainly focused on fish extraction and processing, but it also encompassed the remaining stages. An excess of 60 studies conducted over the last decade, along with some additional publications, were comprehensively reviewed; these focused on the main LCA methodological choices, including but not limited to, functional unit, system boundaries allocation methods and environmental indicators. The review identifies key recommendations on the progression of LCA for this increasingly important sustaining seafood sector. Specifically, these recommendations include (i) the need for specific indicators for fish-related activities, (ii) the target species and their geographical origin, (iii) knowledge and technology transfer and, (iv) the application and implementation of key recommendations from LCA research that will improve the accuracy of LCA models in this sector. Furthermore, the review comprises a section addressing previous and current challenges of the seafood sector. Wastewater treatment, ghost fishing or climate change, are also the objects of discussion together with advocating support for the water-energy-food nexus as a valuable tool to minimize environmental negativities and to frame successful synergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Ruiz-Salmón
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de Los Castros, s.n., 39005 Santander, Spain.
| | - Jara Laso
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de Los Castros, s.n., 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - María Margallo
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de Los Castros, s.n., 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Pedro Villanueva-Rey
- EnergyLab, Fonte das Abelleiras s/n, Campus Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez
- EnergyLab, Fonte das Abelleiras s/n, Campus Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Paula Quinteiro
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Dias
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cheila Almeida
- IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Divisão de Aquacultura, Valorização e Bioprospeção, Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Leonor Nunes
- IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Divisão de Aquacultura, Valorização e Bioprospeção, Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Divisão de Aquacultura, Valorização e Bioprospeção, Avenida Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Antonio Cortés
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - María Teresa Moreira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Gumersindo Feijoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Philippe Loubet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Guido Sonnemann
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Andrew P Morse
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ronan Cooney
- School of Engineering, NUI Galway, Galway H91 HX31 j Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, H91 TK33; Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, Ireland
| | - Eoghan Clifford
- School of Engineering, NUI Galway, Galway H91 HX31 j Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, H91 TK33; Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Diego Méndez
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Campus University 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain
| | - Clémentine Anglada
- VertigoLab, Darwin Ecosystème, 87 Quai de Queyries, 33100 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christelle Noirot
- VertigoLab, Darwin Ecosystème, 87 Quai de Queyries, 33100 Bordeaux, France
| | - Neil Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland
| | - Ian Vázquez-Rowe
- Peruvian LCA Network (PELCAN), Department of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Avenida Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, 15088 Lima, Peru
| | - Rubén Aldaco
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de Los Castros, s.n., 39005 Santander, Spain
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Bergman K, Henriksson PJG, Hornborg S, Troell M, Borthwick L, Jonell M, Philis G, Ziegler F. Recirculating Aquaculture Is Possible without Major Energy Tradeoff: Life Cycle Assessment of Warmwater Fish Farming in Sweden. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:16062-16070. [PMID: 33251804 PMCID: PMC7745531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Seafood is seen as promising for more sustainable diets. The increasing production in land-based closed Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RASs) has overcome many local environmental challenges with traditional open net-pen systems such as eutrophication. The energy needed to maintain suitable water quality, with associated emissions, has however been seen as challenging from a global perspective. This study uses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to investigate the environmental performance and improvement potentials of a commercial RAS farm of tilapia and Clarias in Sweden. The environmental impact categories and indicators considered were freshwater eutrophication, climate change, energy demand, land use, and dependency on animal-source feed inputs per kg of fillet. We found that feed production contributed most to all environmental impacts (between 67 and 98%) except for energy demand for tilapia, contradicting previous findings that farm-level energy use is a driver of environmental pressures. The main improvement potentials include improved by-product utilization and use of a larger proportion of plant-based feed ingredients. Together with further smaller improvement potential identified, this suggests that RASs may play a more important role in a future, environmentally sustainable food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bergman
- RISE Research Institutes
of Sweden, Agrifood and Bioscience, P. O. Box 5401, 402 29 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Patrik J. G. Henriksson
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics,
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm
University, Kräftriket
2B, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Worldfish, Jalan Batu Maung, 11960 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sara Hornborg
- RISE Research Institutes
of Sweden, Agrifood and Bioscience, P. O. Box 5401, 402 29 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Max Troell
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics,
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm
University, Kräftriket
2B, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louisa Borthwick
- RISE Research Institutes
of Sweden, Agrifood and Bioscience, P. O. Box 5401, 402 29 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Malin Jonell
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics,
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm
University, Kräftriket
2B, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gaspard Philis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Larsgårdsvegen 2, 6009 Ålesund, Norway
| | - Friederike Ziegler
- RISE Research Institutes
of Sweden, Agrifood and Bioscience, P. O. Box 5401, 402 29 Göteborg, Sweden
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8
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Król E, Noguera P, Shaw S, Costelloe E, Gajardo K, Valdenegro V, Bickerdike R, Douglas A, Martin SAM. Integration of Transcriptome, Gross Morphology and Histopathology in the Gill of Sea Farmed Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar): Lessons From Multi-Site Sampling. Front Genet 2020; 11:610. [PMID: 32636874 PMCID: PMC7316992 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gill of teleost fish is a multifunctional organ involved in many physiological processes such as gas exchange, osmotic and ionic regulation, acid-base balance and excretion of nitrogenous waste. Due to its extensive interface with the environment, the gill plays a key role as a primary mucosal defense tissue against pathogens, as manifested by the presence of the gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT). In recent years, the prevalence of multifactorial gill pathologies has increased significantly, causing substantial losses in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. The transition from healthy to unhealthy gill phenotypes and the progression of multifactorial gill pathologies, such as proliferative gill disease (PGD), proliferative gill inflammation (PGI) and complex gill disorder (CGD), are commonly characterized by epithelial hyperplasia, lamellar fusion and inflammation. Routine monitoring for PGD relies on visual inspection and non-invasive scoring of the gill tissue (gross morphology), coupled with histopathological examination of gill sections. To explore the underlying molecular events that are associated with the progression of PGD, we sampled Atlantic salmon from three different marine production sites in Scotland and examined the gill tissue at three different levels of organization: gross morphology with the use of PGD scores (macroscopic examination), whole transcriptome (gene expression by RNA-seq) and histopathology (microscopic examination). Our results strongly suggested that the changes in PGD scores of the gill tissue were not associated with the changes in gene expression or histopathology. In contrast, integration of the gill RNA-seq data with the gill histopathology enabled us to identify common gene expression patterns associated with multifactorial gill disease, independently from the origin of samples. We demonstrated that the gene expression patterns associated with multifactorial gill disease were dominated by two processes: a range of immune responses driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines and the events associated with tissue damage and repair, driven by caspases and angiogenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Król
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Noguera
- Fish Health and Welfare, Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Shaw
- Centre for Genome-Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Eoin Costelloe
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Alex Douglas
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel A. M. Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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9
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Life Cycle Assessment of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Farming in Kenyir Lake, Terengganu. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12062268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study presents results from a life cycle assessment (LCA) conducted following the CML-IA method on caged aquaculture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) species at Como River, Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia. In this study, the greenhouse gas (GHG) estimation, calculated based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 Guidelines, showed that 245.27 C eq (1.69 Kg) of nitrate oxide (N2O) was emitted from the lake. The determination of LCA was conducted using several inputs, namely N2O, compositions of fish feed, materials used to build fish cages (infrastructure), main materials used during operation and several databases, namely Agri-footprint, Ecoinvent 3, European Reference Life-Cycle Database (ELCD), and Industry Data 2.0. The results show that feed formulation is the major contributor to potential environmental impact in aquaculture farming, at 55%, followed by infrastructure at 33% and operation at 12%. The feed formulation consisting of 53% broken rice contributed to marine ecotoxicity (MET), while those consisting of 44% fish meal and 33% soybean meal contributed to abiotic depletion (ABD) and global warming (GW), respectively. It is recommended that the percentage of ingredients used in feed formulation in fish farming are further studied to reduce its impacts to the environment.
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