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Suknark P, Buddhawong S, Wangyao K. Investigating the effect of waste age and soil covering on waste characteristics prior to landfill mining using an electrical resistivity tomography technique. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 339:117898. [PMID: 37054595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the potential of landfill mining for refuse-derived fuel (RDF) production based on waste electrical resistivity, including the influence of waste age and soil cover. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was used to determine the resistivity value of landfilled waste in four active and inactive zones, with two to four ERT survey lines collected per zone. Waste samples were collected for composition analysis. Linear and multivariate regression analyses were used to constrain the data correlation based on the waste's physical characteristics. An unexpected finding was that soil cover, rather than the waste's age, influenced the characteristics of the waste. To evaluate the RDF recovery potential, multivariate regression analysis showed a significant correlation between electrical resistivity, conductive materials, and moisture content. However, the obtained correlation between electrical resistivity and RDF fraction using linear regression analysis can be more conveniently used to evaluate RDF production potential in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichat Suknark
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, PERDO, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasidhorn Buddhawong
- School of Energy, Environmental and Materials, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Komsilp Wangyao
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, PERDO, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand.
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2
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Gurusamy S, Thangam RSP. Potential health risk assessment of contaminants in soil-like material recovered from landfill mining. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:330. [PMID: 36697759 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Landfill mining is an innovative technique to clear dumpsites and recover valuables from legacy waste. Bio-earth, referred here as soil-like material, constitutes a major portion of the legacy waste fraction. The characterisation of Soil Like Material from Ariyamangalam Dumpyard and estimation of pollution indices by comparing with the background soil helps in the identification of the contamination level. The potential health risk associated with the contaminants in Soil Like Material is highlighted. A statistical correlation was also done for various parameters of Soil Like Material to identify the indicator element through the Spearman rank correlation method. The degree of contamination based on eight heavy metals taken into account shows a value of 48.23, which is in the range of very high contamination. The major pollution is induced by the lead present in the Soil Like Material compared to the background soil, followed by chromium and zinc. Lead shows the maximum contamination factor of 19, pollution index of 23.3, geo-accumulation index of 4.2 and enrichment factor of 19. The hazard index is in the order of Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd > Zn > Hg > As for the heavy metals. Among all heavy metals, the cumulative cancer risk is more due to nickel (0.06 and 0.006 for children and adults, respectively) which is harmful to human health. Hexavalent chromium was found to be an indicator element by significantly correlating with four other parameters. The results of the health risk assessment (HRA) and pollution indices add value to the application of Soil Like Material fractions both onsite and offsite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Gurusamy
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Goli VSNS, Singh DN. Comments on "Effect of landfill age on the physical and chemical characteristics of waste plastics/microplastics in a waste landfill sites". ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120345. [PMID: 36228855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Devendra Narain Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400 076, India.
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4
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Zari M, Smith R, Wright C, Ferrari R. Health and environmental impact assessment of landfill mining activities: A case study in Norfolk, UK. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11594. [PMID: 36425411 PMCID: PMC9678709 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of fine particles during mechanical landfill mining (LFM) operations is a potential environmental pollution and human health risk. Previous studies demonstrate that a significant proportion (40–80% wt) of the content of fine soil-like materials within the size range <10 mm to <4 mm recovered from such operations originate from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. This study evaluates the potential health risks caused by emissions from LFM activities. MSW samples recovered from the drilling of four different wells of a closed UK landfill were analysed for physical, chemical, and biological properties to determine the extent of potential contaminant emissions during LFM activities. The results show that fine particles (approximately ≤1.5 mm) accounted for more than 50% of the total mass of excavated waste and contained predominantly soil-like materials. The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As, and Cr exceed the permissible limits set by the current UK Soil Guideline Values. The highest geoaccumulation index and contamination factor values for Cu were 2.51 and 12.51, respectively, indicating a moderate to very high degree of contamination. Unsurprisingly, the pollution load index was >1, indicating the extent of pollution within the study area. The hazard quotient values indicated high exposure-related risks for Pb (16.95), Zn (3.56), Cd (1.47), and As (1.46) for allotment land use and As (1.96) for residential land use. The cancer-related risk values were higher than the acceptable range of 1.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−4. The cancer risk factor indicated that Cr and As were the major human health risk hazards. Potentially toxic elements and organics associated with waste fine fractions. Novel method for assessing potential human health risk of heavy metals achieved. Landfill poses major risk to human health and environment if LFM occurs. Pb highest contributor to the non-carcinogenic risk. Cr most prominent metal with respect to carcinogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zari
- University of Nottingham, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Coates Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Richard Smith
- University of Nottingham, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Coates Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Industrial Chemicals Ltd, Titan Works, Hogg Lane, Grays, Essex RM17 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Wright
- Norfolk County Council, County Hall, Martineau Ln, Norwich NR1 2DH, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Ferrari
- University of Nottingham, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Coates Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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5
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Goli VSNS, Singh P, Singh DN. A comprehensive methodology for determining buffering capacity of landfill-mined-soil-like-fractions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155188. [PMID: 35417725 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of landfill-mined-soil-like-fractions (LFMSF), which is a major fraction resulting from landfill mining (LFM) activity, is being debated owing to a lack of comprehensive understanding of its characteristics. In this context, based on the physicochemical properties of LFMSF, several of the earlier researchers have opposed its utilization as compost, feedstock in waste-to-energy, and fill material in civil engineering applications. However, it has been noticed that LFMSF consists of required amount of organic matter (OM) and inorganic carbon (IC) to make it suitable as a buffering material that would help to modify/treat geomaterials exhibiting extreme pH values. In this context, determination of its buffering capacity (BC), a parameter that quantifies the buffering potential, becomes essential. However, determination of BC by resorting to the existing protocols is not suggestible mainly due to (i) an extremely narrow range of the pH (3-8) employed, (ii) lack of incorporation of the optimal time required for reaction/pH stabilization (tpHS), (iii) concern for decomposition of OM during the addition of H+/OH- while experimentation and (iv) heterogeneity associated with the LFMSF unlike the geomaterials that are commonly tested (viz., agricultural soils and compost). Hence, to overcome these limitations, a comprehensive methodology that can be employed for determining the ultimate buffering capacity (BCu) by establishing appropriate tpHS (i.e., 200 h) and liquid to solid ratio (i.e., 20), which would eliminate the decomposition of OM over a broad range of pH (i.e., 2-12) has been proposed. Based on the testing of several LFMSF samples collected from unscientifically created landfills/dumpsites and engineered landfills in India, easy-to-use relationships between the (i) reaction time (t) and (ii) physicochemical properties of the samples that influence BC and BCu, directly or indirectly, have also been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prithvendra Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India.
| | - Devendra Narain Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India.
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6
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Yu F, Wu Z, Wang J, Li Y, Chu R, Pei Y, Ma J. Effect of landfill age on the physical and chemical characteristics of waste plastics/microplastics in a waste landfill sites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119366. [PMID: 35487470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The landfills store a lot of waste plastics, thus it has been confirmed a main source for the occurrence of plastics/microplastic. Although there are some reports that microplastics (MPs) can generate in leachate and refuse samples from the landfill, it exist many blanks for the evolution of physical and chemical characteristics of waste plastics and microplastics with different landfill age. To explore the process that large pieces of plastic are fractured into microplastics, the waste plastics with landfill age from 7 to 30 years are surveyed from a typical landfill in Shanghai. The results show that PE and PP are the most common types of landfilling plastics, and their chemical composition also have changed due to the creation of CO and -OH. Moreover, the crystallinity is affected by plastic type and landfill age. The crystallinity of PP increased from 24.9% to 56.8%, but for PE, the crystallinity decreased from 55.6% to 20.8%. The mechanical properties of waste plastics were reduced significantly, which may be caused by changes in carbon-chain molecules. Al, Ti, Co, and other metal elements were detected on the plastic surface. The hydrophobic behavior of waste plastic is constantly decreasing (102.2°-80.1°) under long-term landfilling. By investigating the changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of waste plastics with different landfill age can shed light upon the process of environmental weathering of waste plastics. This provide theoretical guidance for reducing the transport of microplastics to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhaoju Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Yiyao Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Ruidan Chu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Yizhi Pei
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Jie Ma
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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7
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Dry Anaerobic Digestion of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste: Biogas Production Optimization by Reducing Ammonia Inhibition. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15155515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to optimize biogas production from thermophilic dry anaerobic digestion (AD) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) by comparing various operational strategies to reduce ammonia inhibition. A pilot-scale plug flow reactor (PFR) operated semi-continuously for 170 days. Three scenarios with different feedstock, namely solely OFMSW, OFMSW supplemented with structural material, and OFMSW altered to have an optimal carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, were tested. Specific biogas production (SGP), specific methane production (SMP), the biogas production rate (GPR), and bioenergy recovery were evaluated to assess the process performance. In addition, process stability was monitored to highlight process problems, and digestate was characterized for utilization as fertilizer. The OFMSW and the structural material revealed an unbalanced content of C and N. The ammonia concentration decreased when the optimal C/N ratio was tested and was reduced by 72% if compared with feeding solely OFMSW. In such conditions, optimal biogas production was obtained, operating with an organic loading rate (OLR) equal to 12.7 gVS/(L d). In particular, the SGP result was 361.27 ± 30.52 NLbiogas/kgVS, the GPR was 5.11 NLbiogas/(Lr d), and the potential energy recovery was 8.21 ± 0.9 MJ/kgVS. Nevertheless, the digestate showed an accumulation of heavy metals and low aerobic stability.
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8
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Anshassi M, Smallwood T, Townsend TG. Life cycle GHG emissions of MSW landfilling versus Incineration: Expected outcomes based on US landfill gas collection regulations. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 142:44-54. [PMID: 35176598 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
From a GHG perspective, most LCA studies find incineration (MSWI) to be preferred over landfilling because of high energy recovery offsets. In some studies, however, landfilling results in less greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions than MSWI. We investigated using LCA, the landfill gas (LFG) collection efficiencies and waste composition that led to landfills resulting in less GHG emissions. Then, we explored what theoretical minimum lifetime gas collection efficiencies can be expected when following US LFG regulations. Only landfills with high LFG collection efficiencies (at least 81%) and recovery of methane for energy resulted in less GHG emissions compared to the management of the same waste stream in MSWI; required efficiency increased to 93% without LFG energy recovery. Expected theoretical lifetime LFG collection efficiencies were modeled in the range of 30-80%, with the lower rates associated with landfills having smaller input masses, high decay rates, and low concentrations of nonmethane organic compounds (CNMOC). Our modeling found that only under a limited combination of conditions (e.g., high CNMOC, high waste input rate, low decay rate) could a landfill expect to achieve a LFG collection efficiency as high as 80%, and that this value falls just under the 81-93% collection efficiency threshold needed for a landfill to result in less GHG emissions than MSWI. When exploring the influence of higher oxidation rates, changing decay rates, varying electricity grids, and inclusion of nonferrous metals recovery offsets the collection effciency range needed increased in nearly all cases; the electricity grid and nonferrous metals offsets had the greatest influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Anshassi
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P. O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA
| | - Thomas Smallwood
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P. O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P. O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA.
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9
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Energy Potential Assessment of Excavated Landfill Material: A Case Study of the Perm Region, Russia. RECYCLING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents results of field and laboratory studies of thermal characteristics to excavated landfill waste in Perm region, Russia. The peculiarity of the study includes the following aspects: waste composition with a high share of polymers, the climatic conditions of the territory and the lack of engineering infrastructure at the waste disposal facility. When determining the waste composition and thermal properties of waste, it is proposed to include a stage of removal of contamination from landfilled waste fraction, since their share of contamination can reach up to 33%. This stage will allow researchers to adjust the net calorific value of the excavated waste without overestimation, which may affect decision-making when implementing waste management technology. Among combustible components with the highest moisture content are waste paper (69.1%) and diapers (65.8%), whereas wood (11.2%), PET bottles (3.1%) and other 3D plastics (13.4%) have rather low ash content on a dry basis. Calculation of thermal properties and analysis of the energy potential of the waste samples was conducted based on the obtained data. The calorific value of the individual components and excavated waste depends not only on the moisture and ash content of the individual components, but also on the presence of contaminants. The average net calorific value of the excavated waste is 4.9 MJ/kg, and for the separate mixture of combustible components, it is 7.5 MJ/kg at a moisture content of 44%. Excavated landfill waste can be regarded as a resource for the manufacture of secondary fuel only after pretreatment that includes at least sorting and drying. The results of this study may be useful in developing technologies needed to eliminate old MSW dumps and old landfills, for the development of the concept of circular economy and prevention of environmental degradation problems.
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10
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Hettiaratchi JPA, Jayasinghe PA, Yarandy TA, Attalage D, Jalilzadeh H, Pokhrel D, Bartholameuz E, Hunte C. Innovative Practices to Maximize Resource Recovery and Minimize Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Landfill Waste Cells: Historical and Recent Developments. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Analysis of Microbial Communities in Aged Refuse Based on 16S Sequencing. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13084111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aged refuse is widely considered to have certain soil fertility. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing is used to investigate the microbial community of aged refuse. The aged refuse is found to contain higher soil fertility elements (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, etc.) and higher concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, and Hg). Taxonomy based on operational taxonomic units (OTUs) shows that Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes are the main bacterial phyla in the two soils and there is a palpable difference in the microbial community composition between the two groups of samples. The genera Paramaledivibacter, Limnochorda, Marinobacter, Pseudaminobacter, Kocuria, Bdellovibrio, Halomonas, Gillisia, and Membranicola are enriched in the aged refuse. Functional predictive analysis shows that both the control soil and aged refuse have a high abundance of “carbohydrate metabolism” and “amino acid metabolism”, and show differences in the abundance of several metabolism pathways, such as “xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism” and “lipid metabolism”. Aged refuse and undisturbed soil show significant differences in alpha diversity and microbial community composition. Multiple environmental factors (Hg, TN, Cr, Cd, etc.) significantly impact microorganisms’ abundance (Marinobacter, Halomonas, Blastococcus, etc.). Our study provides valuable knowledge for the ecological restoration of closed landfills.
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12
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The EU Training Network for Resource Recovery through Enhanced Landfill Mining—A Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The “European Union Training Network for Resource Recovery Through Enhanced Landfill Mining (NEW-MINE)” was a European research project conducted between 2016 and 2020 to investigate the exploration of and resource recovery from landfills as well as the processing of the excavated waste and the valorization of the obtained waste fractions using thermochemical processes. This project yielded more than 40 publications ranging from geophysics via mechanical process engineering to ceramics, which have not yet been discussed coherently in a review publication. This article summarizes and links the NEW-MINE publications and discusses their practical applicability in waste management systems. Within the NEW-MINE project in a first step concentrates of specific materials (e.g., metals, combustibles, inert materials) were produced which might be used as secondary raw materials. In a second step, recycled products (e.g., inorganic polymers, functional glass-ceramics) were produced from these concentrates at the lab scale. However, even if secondary raw materials or recycled products could be produced at a large scale, it remains unclear if they can compete with primary raw materials or products from primary raw materials. Given the ambitions of transition towards a more circular economy, economic incentives are required to make secondary raw materials or recycled products from enhanced landfill mining (ELFM) competitive in the market.
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13
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Cappucci GM, Avolio R, Carfagna C, Cocca M, Gentile G, Scarpellini S, Spina F, Tealdo G, Errico ME, Ferrari AM. Environmental life cycle assessment of the recycling processes of waste plastics recovered by landfill mining. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 118:68-78. [PMID: 32891025 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced Landfill Mining (ELFM) is a powerful tool for the sustainable management of landfill sites, aiming at both land reclamation and material recovery/reuse. To enhance the recovery and recycling rate of excavated plastic fractions, in most cases destined to energy recovery, new convenient, effective and sustainable strategies are needed. In this study, a recovery and valorization process of ELFM excavated plastics has been validated through an integrated experimental and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach, demonstrating the environmental sustainability of the secondary raw material generated, in terms of use of resources and emissions generated. In particular, the secondary granulate from ELFM was compared with a virgin product and the last one resulted to have a higher impact (more than 4.46 times greater than the first one), in particular for the use of the resource crude oil as raw material in the production of primary LDPE. The valorization process of the excavated plastic made the mechanical properties of the secondary raw material comparable to that of a primary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maria Cappucci
- Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; EN&TECH, Interdepartmental Research Centre for Industrial Research and Technology Transfer in the field of Integrated Technologies for Sustainable Research, Efficient Energy Conversion, Building Energy Efficiency, Lighting and Home Automation, Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, 42122, Italy
| | - Roberto Avolio
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy(IPCB-CNR), via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cosimo Carfagna
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy(IPCB-CNR), via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Cocca
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy(IPCB-CNR), via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy(IPCB-CNR), via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Simone Scarpellini
- Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; EN&TECH, Interdepartmental Research Centre for Industrial Research and Technology Transfer in the field of Integrated Technologies for Sustainable Research, Efficient Energy Conversion, Building Energy Efficiency, Lighting and Home Automation, Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, 42122, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Emanuela Errico
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy(IPCB-CNR), via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Ferrari
- Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; EN&TECH, Interdepartmental Research Centre for Industrial Research and Technology Transfer in the field of Integrated Technologies for Sustainable Research, Efficient Energy Conversion, Building Energy Efficiency, Lighting and Home Automation, Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, 42122, Italy.
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14
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Landfill GHG Reduction through Different Microbial Methane Oxidation Biocovers. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8050591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emissions from daily and final covers of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills can produce significant impacts on local and global environments. Simplifying, landfills can cause local impacts with odor emissions and global impacts with GHGs. This work focuses on hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methane (CH4) emissions, with the aim of studying how it is possible to reduce their impacts by means of biofiltration systems. Both field and laboratory investigations have been carried out in Casa Rota Landfill (Tuscany, Italy). In the field trials, four pilot-scale biocovers made of compost from a source-selected organic fraction (SS compost), compost from a mechanical biological treatment plant—the residual fractions of the MSW, a mixed compost (SS-MSW compost) and sand were monitored in the daily cover area of the landfill, where high emissions were detected. Results showed that high CH4 and H2S emissions reductions occurred in the mixed SS-MSW compost plot, given a maximum methane oxidation efficiency of greater than 98% and an average oxidation efficiency of about 75%. To assess the specific oxidation rate, laboratory tests using SS-MSW compost sampled from the biocovers were done.
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15
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Bromatological, Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of OFMSW for Different Seasons and Collection Systems. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12072639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the quality of organic fractions of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), five different municipalities in Tuscany were chosen for sampling according to the peculiarities of their collection systems. The five collection systems selected were sampled four times: during March, June, September and December, for a total of 20 picking analyses. In addition, emphasis was also given to the study of the variability of OFMSW composition related to ultimate, proximate and bromatological analyses. Road container collection systems proved to have a higher content of non-compostable and undesirable fractions (22%±1%) when compared to door-to-door systems (6% ± 1%). During months with lower temperature (March and December), the garden waste content in the OFMSW was negligible, with kitchen waste prevailing. This altered the physical chemical composition of OFMSW, which had a lower lignin content and higher methane production in the months with lower temperatures (272 ± 23 NLCH4 kgTVS−1) compared to June and September (238 ± 14 NLCH4 kgTVS−1). In general, the Tuscan OFMSW had a higher dry matter content (42%) than observed in previous studies. In conclusion, the result could direct possible future operators of anaerobic digestion plants towards the choice of dry and semi-dry technologies.
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Biodrying of the Light Fraction from Anaerobic Digestion Pretreatment in Order to Increase the Total Recovery Rate. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two pilot-scale tests were carried out to assess if biodrying could be an effective process for the treatment of light fraction produced by an hydromechanical pre-treatment in an anaerobic digestion plant. The trials were performed using two pilot-scale stainless steel cylindrical reactors of 750 L capacity. Two tests were performed: in Test 1, only the light fraction was used; in Test 2, the light fraction was mixed with a bulking agent composed of garden and pruning waste. In Test 2, the highest temperature (71 °C) in a short time (8 days) was reached. An average water content reduction of 78% in Test 1 and 61% in Test 2 was measured, leading to similar reductions of weight (47–48%) and volume (27–29%). A high biological stability was measured on the final light fraction samples collected from both the tests. Furthermore, the lower heating value obtained after the biodrying treatment complies with the quality specification of the European standard on refuse-derived fuels.
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