Evaluating Regional Eco-Green Cooperative Development Based on a Heterogeneous Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model: Example of the Yangtze River Delta Region

Research on the impact of financial agglomeration on the coordinated development of urban ecological green: based on the empirical comparison of four metropolitan areas in the Yangtze River Delta of China

As key carriers of new urbanization, metropolitan areas should pay more attention to the green and coordinated development of economy, society, and environment. Finance is an important tool to support China's high-quality development. Exploring the key dynamics and mechanisms of financial agglomeration for a green and coordinated development is important to obtain strategic support for the green development of the Yangtze River Delta metropolitan area. Using panel data of 25 prefecture-level cities in the four major metropolitan areas of the Yangtze River Delta region from 2003 to 2019, a Dubin model of three types of spatial weight matrices is constructed to explore the impact of financial agglomeration on coordinated ecological green development. Results show that, first, the positive local and neighborhood effects of financial agglomeration on the coordinated ecological green development are mainly reflected in the Hefei, Hangzhou, and Shanghai metropolitan areas and that the intensity of such effect decreases sequentially. Information transfer and technology correlation are important mechanisms to improve the local effect of financial agglomeration, and the neighborhood effect varies from one metropolitan area to another. Second, in addition to the adverse impact of the concentration of financial personnel on the ecological green integration, the agglomeration of securities, banking, and insurance industries can release "green driving potential energy," and the intensity of contribution gradually weakens. Third, the financial agglomeration of Shanghai exerts the strongest radiation effect, those of Nanjing and Hangzhou respectively demonstrate a "U"-shaped and inverted "U"-shaped impact, and that of Hefei does not play a role.

Impacts of Urban Development on Regional Green Development Efficiency—A Case of the Yangtze River Delta in China

Green development is a significant concept that cannot be ignored in contemporary society. However, in the context of China’s transition from high-speed growth to high-quality development, the complex impact of urban development has brought great challenges to the urban green environment. In this paper, the impact of urban development on green development efficiency (GDE) was studied. First and foremost, a Super-SBM model was introduced to measure the GDE of 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta during 2009–2018. Moreover, a Tobit model was used to analyze the correlation between four urban development factors, including economic development and GDE. According to the results, the mean GDE of the Yangtze River Delta is 0.824, and the GDE in most cities there has shown a fluctuating growth trend in this decade. By comparison, the GDEs of coastal cities and cities in the southeast of the Yangtze River Delta were generally higher than those of cities in the north, indicating that the green development is geographically unbalanced, and there is spatial heterogeneity in the area studied. The study’s results also suggest that the urban economic development, innovation level, and government planning play a significant role in stimulating urban green development, and that the expansion of urban construction area hinders the improvement of GDE.

Electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells to demonstrate China's renewable energy renewable portfolio standards within the framework of the 13th five-year plan

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Methanol synthesis via carbon dioxide hydrogenation is reviewed.

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Up to date review on high yield catalysts for methanol synthesis are discussed.

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Catalytic performance parameters (temperature, Pressure, Support) are reviewed.

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Policy framework towards renewable energy for China is extensively reviewed.

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The catalytic mechanism and the role of promoters, bi-metallic catalyst is also discussed.

A unified treatment of the renewable portfolio standards is given concerning direct methanol fuel. The current mechanism of electrocatalysis of methanol oxidation on platinum and non-platinum-containing alloys is summarized for the systematic improvement of the rate of electro-oxidation of methanol are discussed. Policy realignment under the five-year plan is discussed in length to demonstrate how policy, markets, and engineering designs contribute towards the development of model direct methanol fuel cells operational enhancement, and factors that affect critical performance parameters for commercial exploitation are summarized for catalytic formulations and cell design within the context of why this investment in technology, education, and finances is required within the global context of sustainable energy and energy independence as exposed by thirteenth the five-year plan. The prolog focuses on the way, whereas the section on methanol fuel cells on the how and the post log on what is expected post-COVID-19 era in science and technology as China pivots to a post-fossil fuel economy.

China's industrial growth has been through internal market reforms and supplies side economics from the Chinese markets for fossil fuels except for petroleum. The latest renewable portfolio standards adopted have common elements as adopted from North American and the United Kingdom in terms of adaptation of obligation in terms of renewable portfolio standards as well as a realization that the necessity for renewables standards for the thirteen five year plan (from 2016 to 2020) need to less rigorously implemented due to performance targets that were met during the eleventh (06–10) and twelfth five-year plans (11–15) in terms of utilization of small coal-ire power plants, development of newer standards, led to an improvement of energy efficiency of 15 %, reduction of SO_x/NO_x by an average of 90 % and PM2.5 by 96 % over the last two five-year plans.

The current phase of the plan has a focus on energy generation from coal and a slowing down of renewables or Renewable energy curtailment of approximately 400 T Wh renewables including 300 T Wh of non-hydro power, principally from Guangdong, and Jiangsu for transfer of hydropower and Zhejiang, Tianjin, Henan for non-hydro power transfer with Beijing and Shanghai playing important roles in renewables energy curtailment and realignment using an integrated approach to optimize each provinces energy portfolio. The realignment of the renewable energy portfolio indicates that the newly installed capacity in Sichuan, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, and Zhejiang will account for less than 20 % of the current renewable energy portfolio but with the NO_x SO_x and PM_2.5 savings already accrued.

The catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol (70 / 110 million metric tons from all sources in 2019 for China/world) is one technological approach to reduce global carbon dioxide emissions and suggests that catalytic methanol synthesis by CO₂ hydrogenation may be a plausible approach, even if it is more expensive economically than methanol synthesis by the syngas approach. This is because the CO₂ emissions of the synthesis are lower than other synthesis methodologies. The Chinese government has placed a premium on cleaner air and water and may view such an approach as solving the dual issues of fuel substitution and reduction of CO₂. Thus, the coupling of hydrogen generation from sustainable energies sources (Solar 175 / 509 GW) or wind (211/591.5 GW in 2019) may be an attractive approach, as this requires slightly less water than coal gasification. Due to the thermodynamic requirement of lower operating pressure and higher operating pressure, currently, there is no single operational approach, although some practice approaches (220 °C at 48 atm using copper) and zinc oxide/alumina are suggested for optimal performance.