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Morgovan CM, Petrehele AIG, Badea GE, Fodor A, Toderaș M, Marian E. Research on the Synthesis of Zinc-Ammonium Phosphate Using Galvanic Waste Sludge as a Source of Zinc. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1690. [PMID: 38612203 PMCID: PMC11013013 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents the extraction of zinc ions from waste resulting from the galvanic industry, such as sludge from acid zinc electroplating baths, and their revaluation in mineral fertilizer as zinc-ammonium phosphate. The purpose of this work is to extract zinc ions from the sludge that forms directly in the zinc bath, which can only contain zinc and small amounts of iron, to revalorize zinc into the form of zinc-ammonium phosphate. The process of obtaining zinc-ammonium phosphate is presented using waste sludge from the galvanic industry. In order to obtain zinc-ammonium phosphate, the solution resulting from the dissolution of the sludge with a 20% hydrochloric acid solution was used in reaction with diammonium phosphate and a 25% ammonia solution. After the chemical analysis of the obtained products, zinc-ammonium phosphate was characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, infrared FT-IR spectroscopy and electronic microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results obtained indicate a promising approach to sustainable resource utilization in the production of zinc-ammonium phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mona Morgovan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Informatics and Sciences, University of Oradea, 1 University Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (C.M.M.)
| | - Anda Ioana Gratiela Petrehele
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Informatics and Sciences, University of Oradea, 1 University Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (C.M.M.)
| | - Gabriela Elena Badea
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Informatics and Sciences, University of Oradea, 1 University Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (C.M.M.)
| | - Alexandrina Fodor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Informatics and Sciences, University of Oradea, 1 University Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (C.M.M.)
| | - Monica Toderaș
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Informatics and Sciences, University of Oradea, 1 University Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Eleonora Marian
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 29 N. Jiga Street, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
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Kowalik-Klimczak A, Gajewska-Midziałek A, Buczko Z, Łożyńska M, Życki M, Barszcz W, Ciciszwili T, Dąbrowski A, Kasierot S, Charasińska J, Gorewoda T. Circular Economy Approach in Treatment of Galvanic Wastewater Employing Membrane Processes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:325. [PMID: 36984712 PMCID: PMC10051783 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the idea of sustainable development, humanity should make every effort to care for the natural environment along with economic development. Decreasing water resources in the world makes it necessary to take action to reduce the consumption of this resource. This article presents the results of research conducted to improve the use of recyclable materials in line with the circular economy model. The research focused on the development of a technological solution for the recovery of raw materials from galvanic wastewater. The concept of a galvanic wastewater treatment system presented in the article includes wastewater pre-treatment in the ultrafiltration (UF) process and water recovery in the reverse osmosis (RO) process. In addition, the purpose of the work was to manage post-filtration waste (RO retentate) containing high concentrations of zinc in the process of galvanizing metal details. The obtained results indicate that it is possible to reduce the amount of sewage from the galvanizing industry by reusing the recovered water as technical water in the process line. The carried-out model tests of galvanizing confirmed the possibility of using RO retentate for the production of metal parts. The achieved results are a proposal to solve the problem of reducing the impact of galvanic wastewater on the environment and to improve the profitability of existing galvanizing technologies by reducing the consumption of water and raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kowalik-Klimczak
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute for Sustainable Technology, 26-607 Radom, Poland
| | | | - Zofia Buczko
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Warsaw Institute of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Łożyńska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute for Sustainable Technology, 26-607 Radom, Poland
| | - Maciej Życki
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute for Sustainable Technology, 26-607 Radom, Poland
| | - Wioletta Barszcz
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute for Sustainable Technology, 26-607 Radom, Poland
| | - Tinatin Ciciszwili
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Warsaw Institute of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Dąbrowski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Warsaw Institute of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sonia Kasierot
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, 44-121 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Charasińska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, 44-121 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Gorewoda
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, 44-121 Gliwice, Poland
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Brühlmann SA, Walther M, Kreller M, Reissig F, Pietzsch HJ, Kniess T, Kopka K. Cyclotron-Based Production of 67Cu for Radionuclide Theranostics via the 70Zn(p,α) 67Cu Reaction. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:314. [PMID: 37259458 PMCID: PMC9961624 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Theranostic matched pairs of radionuclides have aroused interest during the last couple of years, and in that sense, copper is one element that has a lot to offer, and although 61Cu and 64Cu are slowly being established as diagnostic radionuclides for PET, the availability of the therapeutic counterpart 67Cu plays a key role for further radiopharmaceutical development in the future. Until now, the 67Cu shortage has not been solved; however, different production routes are being explored. This project aims at the production of no-carrier-added 67Cu with high radionuclidic purity with a medical 30MeV compact cyclotron via the 70Zn(p,α)67Cu reaction. With this purpose, proton irradiation of electrodeposited 70Zn targets was performed followed by two-step radiochemical separation based on solid-phase extraction. Activities of up to 600MBq 67Cu at end of bombardment, with radionuclidic purities over 99.5% and apparent molar activities of up to 80MBq/nmol, were quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Andrés Brühlmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Walther
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Kreller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Falco Reissig
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Kniess
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Thomas M, Melichová Z, Šuránek M, Kuc J, Więckol-Ryk A, Lochyński P. Removal of Zinc from Concentrated Galvanic Wastewater by Sodium Trithiocarbonate: Process Optimization and Toxicity Assessment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020546. [PMID: 36677604 PMCID: PMC9860917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present research, the removal of zinc from concentrated galvanic wastewater (pH 3.1, conductivity 20.31 mS/cm, salinity, 10.16 g/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 2900 mg O2/L, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 985 mg/L, zinc (Zn) 1534 mg/L and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 70 mg/L) by combination of lime (Ca(OH)2) and sodium trithiocarbonate (Na2CS3) as precipitation agents is studied. Central Composite Design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied for modelling and optimizing the designed wastewater treatment process. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the experimental verification of the model confirmed the consistency of the experimental and estimated data calculated from the model (R2 = 0.9173, R2adj. = 0.8622). The use of Ca(OH)2 and Na2CS3 in the optimal condition calculated from the model (pH = 10.75 ± 0.10, V Na2CS3 dose 0.043 mL/L and time = 5 min) resulted in a decrease in the concentration of Zn in treated wastewater by 99.99%. Other physicochemical parameters of wastewater also improved. Simultaneously, the application of Ca(OH)2 and Na2CS3 reduced the inhibition of activated sludge dehydrogenase from total inhibition (for raw wastewater) to -70% (for treated wastewater). Under the same conditions the phytotoxicity tests revealed that the seed germination index for the raw and treated wastewater increased from 10% to 50% and from 90% to 100% for white mustard (Sinapis alba) and garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.), respectively. The parameters of root and shoot growth showed a statistically significant improvement. Treated wastewater (1:10) showed a stimulating effect (shoot growth) compared to the control sample (GI = -116.7 and -57.9 for S. alba and L. sativum L., respectively). Thus, the use of Na2CS3 is a viable option for the treatment of concentrated galvanic wastewater containing zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Thomas
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zuzana Melichová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovskeho 40, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (Z.M.)
| | - Matej Šuránek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovskeho 40, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Joanna Kuc
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Angelika Więckol-Ryk
- Department of Extraction Technologies, Rockburst and Risk Assessment, Central Mining Institute, 40-166 Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Lochyński
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-365 Wrocław, Poland
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Xu Y, Zhang Y, Shu Y, Song H, Shu X, Ma Y, Hao L, Zhang X, Ren X, Wang Z, Zhang X. Composition and Leaching Toxicity of Hydrochloric Acid Pickling Sludge Generated from the Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Industry. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13826-13840. [PMID: 35559134 PMCID: PMC9088911 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Steel hydrochloric acid pickling sludge (SHPS), containing the heavy metals Fe, Zn, and Ni and a high chloride salt content, is considered a type of hazardous solid waste because of its potential harm to human health and the environment. In addition, the SHPS yield is large, but the main treatment currently used is only safe for landfills. Although studying the composition and leaching toxicity of SHPS is of great importance, only a small amount of related literature is available. This paper can help compensate for this deficiency. SHPS is analyzed from the aspects of its formation mechanism, pH, moisture content, elemental concentration, phase composition, microstructure, and leaching toxicity. The results show that its pH ranges from 2.25 to 11.11, and the moisture content ranges from 45.47% to 83.34%. Additionally, the concentration of Fe is the highest, with values from 29.80% to 50.65%, while other alkali metal elements, namely, Ca, K, and Na, have values of 0.36% to 23.07%, 0.02% to 19.82%, and 0.38% to 3.31%, respectively. Heavy metal elements, namely, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cr, and Pb, have values of 0.02% to 14.88%, 0.001% to 0.05%, 0.03% to 0.38%, 0.01% to 0.09%, and 0.02% to 0.19%, respectively. Anions, namely, SO4 2-, Cl-, F-, and NO3 -, have contents of 0.09% to 0.34%, 0.54% to 5.73%, 0.001% to 0.04%, and 0.01% to 0.15%, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that Fe and Zn are mainly present in oxides, Ca is present as CaO and CaCO3, and chlorine is present in NaCl. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the microscopic structure consists mainly of bright and fluffy irregular spheres; stripes; flakes; and dark, very small irregular particles. The leaching toxicity test based on HJ/T 299-2007 (China) was performed, where SHPS samples were treated with a mixed solution of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and pure water (pH = 3.20 ± 0.05) at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10:1 for a period of 18 h. The leachate was filtered and analyzed for Cr, Ni, Mn, Zn, etc. The leaching results indicate that Zn and Ni are the main elements that cause SHPS to be hazardous to the environment. These research results can provide a reference for later researchers studying the effective treatment of SHPS, such as more effective treatments for reducing toxicity and resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yane Xu
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuanfeng Shu
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huiyun Song
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinqian Shu
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuanxin Ma
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lulu Hao
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xize Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoling Ren
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhipu Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China
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Alrebh A, Rammal MB, Omanovic S. A pyridine derivative 2-(2-Methylaminoethyl)pyridine (MAEP) as a ‘green’ corrosion inhibitor for low-carbon steel in hydrochloric acid media. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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