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Cao S, Jia J, Wang J, Diao Y, Liu Y, Guo Y. Development of an analytical permeable pavement model for vehicular access areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 883:163686. [PMID: 37100158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Permeable pavements (PPs) are widely used for stormwater control in urbanized areas as they provide absorption and retention of surface runoff. Previous studies on PP systems mainly focus on non-vehicular access areas with light traffic loads where the base usually connects to native soils which allow exfiltration from the bottom. The runoff reduction performance of the PPs in vehicular access areas (PPs-VAA) featured by more complex structure with underdrain outflow control still needs in-depth investigation. In this study, an analytical probabilistic model was developed to quantify the runoff control performance of PPs-VAA taking into account the effects of climate conditions, layer configurations and varying underdrain outflows. The calibration and verification of the proposed analytical permeable pavement model for vehicular access areas (APPM-VAA) were performed by comparing the analytical results with SWMM simulation results. The model was tested in case studies in Guangzhou and Jinan, China, with humid and semi-humid climate conditions, respectively. Close agreement between the results obtained from the proposed analytical model and those from continuous simulation outputs was observed. The proposed analytical model is proved to be capable of rapidly assessing the runoff control performance of PPs-VAA; it can thus be used in the hydrologic design and analysis of permeable pavement systems in engineering practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengle Cao
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250061, China
| | - Jingjing Jia
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250061, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250061, China.
| | - Yijiao Diao
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250061, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250061, China
| | - Yiping Guo
- Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
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2
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Xing C, Qin J, Cheng Z, Li M, Lu Q. Investigation on the Short-Term Aging Scheme for High Viscosity Modified Bitumen. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16113910. [PMID: 37297044 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the highly viscous characteristics of high viscosity modified bitumen (HVMB), the commonly used short-term aging schemes are not suitable for it. As such, the objective of this study is to introduce a suitable short-term aging scheme for HVMB by increasing the aging period and temperature. For this purpose, two kinds of commercial HVMB were aged via rolling thin-film oven test (RTFOT) and thin-film oven test (TFOT) at different aging periods and temperatures. At the same time, open-graded friction course (OGFC) mixtures prepared using HVMB were also aged via two aging schemes to simulate the short-term aging of bitumen at the mixing plant. With the aid of temperature sweep, frequency sweep, and multiple stress creep recovery tests, the rheological properties of short-term aged bitumen and the extracted bitumen were tested. By comparing the rheological properties of TFOT- and RTFOT-aged bitumen with those of extracted bitumen, suitable laboratory short-term aging schemes for HVMB were determined. Comparative results showed that aging the OGFC mixture in a 175 °C forced-draft oven for 2 h is suitable to simulate the short-term aging process of bitumen at the mixing plant. Compared with RTOFT, TFOT was more preferable for HVMB. Additionally, the recommended aging period and temperature for TFOT was 5 h and 178 °C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Xing
- Key Laboratory for Special Area Highway Engineering of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, South 2nd Ring Road Middle Section, Xi'an 710064, China
- School of Highway, Chang'an University, South 2nd Ring Road Middle Section, Xi'an 710064, China
| | - Juze Qin
- Changjiang Survey, Planning, Design and Research Co., Ltd., 1863 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Road and Bridge Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Pavement Materials, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingchen Li
- The Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Qingbing Lu
- Shanghai Road and Bridge Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Pavement Materials, Shanghai 200433, China
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Sghaier S, Krichen M, Ben Dhaou I, Elmannai H, Alkanhel R. Identification, 3D-Reconstruction, and Classification of Dangerous Road Cracks. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3578. [PMID: 37050640 PMCID: PMC10098584 DOI: 10.3390/s23073578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Advances in semiconductor technology and wireless sensor networks have permitted the development of automated inspection at diverse scales (machine, human, infrastructure, environment, etc.). However, automated identification of road cracks is still in its early stages. This is largely owing to the difficulty obtaining pavement photographs and the tiny size of flaws (cracks). The existence of pavement cracks and potholes reduces the value of the infrastructure, thus the severity of the fracture must be estimated. Annually, operators in many nations must audit thousands of kilometers of road to locate this degradation. This procedure is costly, sluggish, and produces fairly subjective results. The goal of this work is to create an efficient automated system for crack identification, extraction, and 3D reconstruction. The creation of crack-free roads is critical to preventing traffic deaths and saving lives. The proposed method consists of five major stages: detection of flaws after processing the input picture with the Gaussian filter, contrast adjustment, and ultimately, threshold-based segmentation. We created a database of road cracks to assess the efficacy of our proposed method. The result obtained are commendable and outperform previous state-of-the-art studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhir Sghaier
- Department of Science and Technology, College of Ranyah, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moez Krichen
- Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65528, Saudi Arabia
- ReDCAD Laboratory, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Imed Ben Dhaou
- Department of Computer Science, Hekma School of Engineering, Computing and Informatics, Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah P.O. Box 34801, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
- Higher Institute of Computer Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Technology, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Hela Elmannai
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alkanhel
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Govedarica O, Aškrabić M, Hadnađev-Kostić M, Vulić T, Lekić B, Rajaković-Ognjanović V, Zakić D. Evaluation of Solidified Wastewater Treatment Sludge as a Potential SCM in Pervious Concrete Pavements. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144919. [PMID: 35888386 PMCID: PMC9325041 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Waste and recycled materials have recently been used in the construction industry to comply with the principles of circular economy and sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to examine the potentials of solidified wastewater treatment sludge (SWWTS) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in the production of lightweight pervious concrete pavers (LWPCP) suitable for pedestrian trails and rooftops (green) that comply with EU standards. Detailed characterization of SWWTS was performed, in order to understand its properties related to application as SCM, which led to the conclusion that it may be applied only as a filler, having 89.5% of Ca(OH)2. After thorough characterization, LWPCP samples were prepared and testing of physical and mechanical properties was conducted. The research showed that partial replacement of cement with SWWTS led to the decrease of all mechanical properties, ranging between 3.91 and 5.81 MPa for compressive strength and 0.97 to 1.23 MPa for flexural strength. However, all of the investigated mixtures showed a value higher than 3.5 MPa, which was defined as the lowest compressive strength in the range of pervious concrete properties. The addition of SWWTS led to a slight decrease in bulk density of the mixtures and an increase in water absorption. This could be explained by the reduction in hydration products that would fill in the micropores of the matrix, since SWWTS showed no pozzolanic reactivity. Pore sizes that prevail in the tested binder matrices are in accordance with the results measured on ordinary pervious concrete (the largest fraction of pores had a diameter between 0.02 and 0.2 μm). Low thermal conductivity nominates produced pavers as potential rooftop elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognjen Govedarica
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Beograd, Serbia; (O.G.); (B.L.); (V.R.-O.); (D.Z.)
| | - Marina Aškrabić
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Beograd, Serbia; (O.G.); (B.L.); (V.R.-O.); (D.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-113370097
| | - Milica Hadnađev-Kostić
- Department of Basic Engineering Disciplines, Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.H.-K.); (T.V.)
| | - Tatjana Vulić
- Department of Basic Engineering Disciplines, Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.H.-K.); (T.V.)
| | - Branislava Lekić
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Beograd, Serbia; (O.G.); (B.L.); (V.R.-O.); (D.Z.)
| | - Vladana Rajaković-Ognjanović
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Beograd, Serbia; (O.G.); (B.L.); (V.R.-O.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dimitrije Zakić
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Beograd, Serbia; (O.G.); (B.L.); (V.R.-O.); (D.Z.)
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Effective Jet-Grouting Application for Improving the State of Deformation of Landmarks. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The problem of improving the state of deformation of landmarks is an important aspect when performing civil services, because they have a historical interest and bring symbolisms which relate to an event of particular interest for the community. The engineering–geological surveys, technical evaluation and operational suitability of landmarks of national significance are performed to improve the state of deformation. The conducted analytical assessment of landslide hazard slope stability in the RocScience Slide computational complex shows that in the presence of landslide prevention works, and the stability coefficient is increased by a factor of 1.21–1.37. The regularities of deformation and strength parameters of the soil–cement obtained during the jet-grouting application indicated an increase in strength gain of amplifier elements by an average of 1.6–4.0 times. This proves the effectiveness of the jet-grouting application for improving the state of deformation of landmarks of national significance.
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Evaluating Permeable Clay Brick Pavement for Pollutant Removal from Varying Strength Stormwaters in Arid Regions. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Permeable pavement is a low impact development technology for stormwater (SW) runoff control and pollutant removal. The strength of SW depends on land use of the catchment, e.g., semi-urban vs. industrial. The performance (in terms of pollutants removal) of permeable clay bricks (PCB) has not been adequately assessed for SW of varying strengths. For using the permeable clay bricks as a pavement surface layer, the present research investigates its pollutant removal capacity through SW infiltration using a laboratory setup. SW samples of two different strengths, i.e., high polluted stormwater (HPSW) and less polluted stormwater (LPSW), were tested for a pavement system consisting of the clay brick layer on top of a coarse gravel support layer. The tests were performed at a rainfall intensity of 12.5 mm/h (for a 10-year return period in Buraidah, Qassim) to evaluate the suitability of PCB for the arid and semi-arid regions. The experiments revealed that PCB became fully saturated and achieved a steady-state outflow condition after 10 min of rainfall. Irrespective of contamination level, the pollutant removal efficiency was found to be similar for both HPSW and LPSW. High TSS (>98%) and turbidity (>99%) removals were achieved for both strengths, while BOD5 (78.4%) and COD (76.1%) removals were moderate. Poor to moderate nutrient removal, 30.5% and 39.1% for total nitrogen (TN) and 34.7% and 31.3% for total phosphorus (TP), respectively for HPSW and LPSW, indicates an adsorptive removal of nutrients in the system. Heavy metal removal efficiency ranged from 6.7% to 94%, with higher removals archived for Fe, Mn, Se, and Pb. The study provides insights into the role of PCB as a surface layer in the permeable pavement for pollutant removal. The study also establishes the guidelines for the optimal permeable pavement design to deal with SW of varying contamination levels. Permeable clay bricks showed the potential to be used as a sustainable LID technology for arid regions.
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Song J, Wang J, Wang W, Peng L, Li H, Zhang C, Fang X. Comparison between different infiltration models to describe the infiltration of permeable brick pavement system via a laboratory-scale experiment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:2214-2227. [PMID: 34810306 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The permeable brick pavement system (PBPs) is one of a widely used low impact development (LID) measures to alleviate runoff volume and pollution caused by urbanization. The performance of PBPs on decreasing runoff volume is decided by its permeability, and it was general described by hydraulic conductivity based on Darcy's law. But there is large error when using hydraulic conductivity to describe the infiltration of PBPs, and which infiltration process is not following Darcy's law, so it is important to find more accurate infiltration models to describe the infiltration of PBPs. The Horton, Philip, Green-Ampt, and Kostiakov infiltration models were selected to find an optimal model to investigate infiltration performance of PBPs via a laboratory-scale experiment, and the maximum absolute error (MAE), Bias, and coefficient of determination (R2) were selected to evaluate the models' errors via fitting with experiment data. The results showed that the fitting accuracy of Kostiakov, Philip, and Green-Ampt models was significantly affected by the monitoring area and hydraulic gradients. Meanwhile, Horton model fitted well (MAE = 0.25-0.32 cm/h, Bias = 0.07-0.11 cm/h, and R2 = 0.98-0.99) with the experiment data, and the parameters of the Horton model often can be achieved by monitoring, such as the maximum infiltration rate and the stable infiltration rate. Therefore, the Horton model is an optimal model to describe the infiltration performance of PBPs, which can also be adopted to evaluate hydrological characterization of PBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Song
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China E-mail:
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China E-mail: ; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China E-mail:
| | - Liuwei Peng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxin Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Changhe Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 33648, USA
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Batalini de Macedo M, Pereira de Oliveira TR, Halmenschlager Oliveira T, Nóbrega Gomes Junior M, Teixeira Brasil JA, Ambrogi Ferreira do Lago C, Mendiondo EM. Evaluating low impact development practices potentials for increasing flood resilience and stormwater reuse through lab-controlled bioretention systems. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:1103-1124. [PMID: 34534109 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low impact development practices (LID) as alternative measures of urban drainage can be used within the approach of resources recycling and co-management. This study evaluates the potential contribution of a bioretention system to flood control, non-potable water demands (NPD) and resources co-management. Bioretention setups were tested experimentally under variable conditions to identify operational key-factors to multiple purposes. Additionally, the efficiencies obtained for laboratory scale were extrapolated for household and watershed scale, quantifying the indicators of water demand reduction (WDR), energy demand reduction (EDR) and carbon emission reduction (CER) for hybrid systems with LID. The laboratory results indicated that the use of a bioretention with a submerged zone can improve the quality of the water recovered for reuse, while maintaining the efficiency of runoff retention and peak flow attenuation. Comparing the bioretention effluent quality with the Brazilian standards for stormwater reuse, the parameters color, turbidity, E. coli and metals were above the limits, indicating the necessity of a better treatment for solids particles and disinfection. Expanding the analysis to watershed scale, the bioretention helped to reduce NPD demands up to 45%, leading to a reduction in energy demand and carbon emission from the centralized water supply system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Batalini de Macedo
- Hydraulic Engineering and Sanitation, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense, 400 CP 359 São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Thalita Raquel Pereira de Oliveira
- Hydraulic Engineering and Sanitation, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense, 400 CP 359 São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Tassiana Halmenschlager Oliveira
- Hydraulic Engineering and Sanitation, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense, 400 CP 359 São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Marcus Nóbrega Gomes Junior
- Hydraulic Engineering and Sanitation, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense, 400 CP 359 São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil E-mail: ; University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - José Artur Teixeira Brasil
- Hydraulic Engineering and Sanitation, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense, 400 CP 359 São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Cesar Ambrogi Ferreira do Lago
- Hydraulic Engineering and Sanitation, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense, 400 CP 359 São Carlos, SP CEP 13566-590, Brazil E-mail: ; University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Eduardo Mario Mendiondo
- University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense, 400 CP 359 São Carlos, SP CEP 3566-590, Brazil
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Dong X, Yuan P, Song Y, Yi W. Optimizing Green-Gray Infrastructure for Non-Point Source Pollution Control under Future Uncertainties. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147586. [PMID: 34300035 PMCID: PMC8303129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-Point Source Pollution (NPS) caused by polluted and untreated stormwater runoff discharging into water bodies has become a serious threat to the ecological environment. Green infrastructure and gray infrastructure are considered to be the main stormwater management measures, and the issue of their cost-effectiveness is a widespread concern for decision makers. Multi-objective optimization is one of the most reliable and commonly used approaches in solving cost-effectiveness issues. However, many studies optimized green and gray infrastructure under an invariant condition, and the additional benefits of green infrastructure were neglected. In this study, a simulation-optimization framework was developed by integrated Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) to optimize green and gray infrastructure for NPS control under future scenarios, and a realistic area of Sponge City in Nanchang, China, was used as a typical case. Different levels of additional benefits of green infrastructure were estimated in the optimizing process. The results demonstrated that green-gray infrastructure can produce a co-benefit if the green infrastructure have appropriate Value of Additional Benefits (VAB), otherwise, gray infrastructure will be a more cost-effectiveness measure. Moreover, gray infrastructure is more sensitive than green infrastructure and green-gray infrastructure under future scenarios. The findings of the study could help decision makers to develop suitable planning for NPS control based on investment cost and water quality objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Dong
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Peng Yuan
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
- Correspondence: (P.Y.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-010-8491-5308 (Y.S.)
| | - Yonghui Song
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China;
- Correspondence: (P.Y.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-010-8491-5308 (Y.S.)
| | - Wenxuan Yi
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China;
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Multi-Objective Optimisation of Tyre and Suspension Parameters during Cornering for Different Road Roughness Profiles. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11135934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective emission control technologies and novel propulsion systems have been developed for road vehicles, decreasing exhaust particle emissions. However, work has to be done on non-exhaust traffic related sources such as tyre–road interaction and tyre wear. Given that both are inevitable in road vehicles, efforts for assessing and minimising tyre wear should be considered. The amount of tyre wear is because of internal (tyre structure, manufacturing, etc.) and external (suspension configuration, speed, road surface, etc.) factors. In this work, the emphasis is on the optimisation of such parameters for minimising tyre wear, but also enhancing occupant’s comfort and improving vehicle handling. In addition to the search for the optimum parameters, the optimisation is also used as a tool to identify and highlight potential trade-offs between the objectives and the various design parameters. Hence, initially, the tyre design (based on some chosen tyre parameters) is optimised with regards to the above-mentioned objectives, for a vehicle while cornering over both Class A and B road roughness profiles. Afterwards, an optimal solution is sought between the Pareto alternatives provided by the two road cases, in order for the tyre wear levels to be less affected under different road profiles. Therefore, it is required that the tyre parameters are as close possible and that they provide similar tyre wear in both road cases. Then, the identified tyre design is adopted and the optimum suspension design is sought for the two road cases for both passive and semi-active suspension types. From the results, significant conclusions regarding how tyre wear behaves with regards to passenger comfort and vehicle handling are extracted, while the results illustrate where the optimum suspension and tyre parameters have converged trying to compromise among the above objectives under different road types and how suspension types, passive and semi-active, could compromise among all of them more optimally.
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11
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Production of High Purity Biosurfactants Using Heavy Oil Residues as Carbon Source. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14123557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Typically, oil pollution cleanup procedures following first response actions include dispersion. Crude oil is biodegradable, and its bioavailability can be increased when dispersed into very fine droplets by means of chemical surfactants. Although their use is widely spread in many applications, the latter may prove toxic, depending on the extent of use. The use of biological means, such as bioremediation and biosurfactants, has emerged over the past years as a very promising ‘green’ alternative technology. Biosurfactants (BSs) are amphiphilic molecules produced by microorganisms during biodegradation, thus increasing the bioavailability of the organic pollutants. It is their biodegradability and low toxicity that render BSs as a very promising alternative to the synthetic ones. Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 strain ability to produce BSs, without any impurities from the substrate, was investigated. The biosurfactant production was scaled up by means of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and a heavy oil residue substrate as the carbon source. The product is free from substrate impurities, and its efficiency is tested on oil bioremediation in the marine environment. The product’s dispersion efficiency was determined by the baffled flask test. The production method proposed can have a significant impact to the market, given the ever-increasing demand for ecologically friendly, reliable, commercially viable and economically competitive environmental cleanup techniques.
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12
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Physico-Chemical Parameters and Health Risk Analysis of Groundwater Quality. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Groundwater pollution is a very common problem worldwide, as it poses a serious threat to both the environment and the economic and social development and consequently generates several types of costs. The analysis of pollution control involves a permanent comparison between pollution costs and the costs associated with various methods of pollution reduction. An environmental policy based on economic instruments is more effective than an environmental policy focused on command and control tools. In this respect, the present paper provides a case study showing how anthropogenic factors such as wastewater, industrial, agricultural, and natural factors are able to change the physical and chemical parameters of groundwater in the study area, thus endangering their quality. In order to monitor the groundwater quality in the region of Dobrudja, an analysis of physico-chemical parameters was performed. The content of heavy metals was analyzed and the health risk index was taken into account and analyzed, in order to set a better correctness of the metal content from the underground waters. Studies on groundwater quality control have shown that, in many parts of the world, water has different degrees of quality depending on the natural and anthropogenic factors acting on the pertaining environment. This is why more attention should be paid to the prevention of groundwater pollution and the immediate remediation of accidents.
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