Entrepreneurial Intention: A Gender Study in Business and Economics Students from Chile

Influence of students' personality, gender, income and age on their intentions to create new information technology and telecommunications ventures

Businesses associated with information technology and telecommunications have increased in importance since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic due to transformations in working and buying. Currently, universities in Latin America are making efforts to strengthen entrepreneurial attitudes and skills in their students. In this context, it is of interest to understand how the combination of personality traits, gender, income and age/generation affect entrepreneurial intentions toward these kinds of businesses. This research analyzes the responses of 788 university students from Chile and Ecuador to an online self-report survey using regression models with the aim of evaluating the effect of Big Five personality traits on the intention to undertake information technology and telecommunications businesses and measuring the moderation of gender, family income, and belonging to the centennial generation. The findings support a significant influence of the traits of neuroticism, openness and conscientiousness on entrepreneurial intention and suggest that female gender and higher family income have a negative impact on the intention to undertake these businesses. Moreover, an important moderating effect of female gender and lower family income levels is supported. This study sheds new light on students' characteristics that affect their participation in information technology and telecommunications ventures through the identification of a unique combination of relevant personality traits, gender and income levels. The findings are useful for designing and developing appropriate programs aimed at developing this kind of technology business in Latin America as well as promoting the entrepreneurship of groups that express a lower intention to undertake businesses, such as female students.

Gender-based differences in the relationships among proactive personality, perceived entrepreneurial support and entrepreneurial intention of Chinese private college students: A moderated mediation model

Proactive personality is a key determinant of entrepreneurial intention. Few studies have explored the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relationship. This study investigates the association between proactive personality and entrepreneurial intention and examines the mediating role of perceived entrepreneurial support and the moderating role of gender. Using a cross-sectional design, 1,515 senior students (women = 838, men = 677) from Chinese private colleges were recruited using random cluster sampling. They completed a battery of self-reported online questionnaires on proactive personality, perceived entrepreneurial support, and entrepreneurial intention. The results revealed that perceived entrepreneurial support mediates the association between proactive personality and entrepreneurial intention. Moderated mediation analysis indicated that the relationship between proactive personality and perceived entrepreneurial support and that between perceived entrepreneurial support and entrepreneurial intention are moderated by gender. Specifically, the positive association between proactive personality and entrepreneurial intention was stronger in male students, and the positive association between perceived entrepreneurial support and entrepreneurial intention was stronger in female students. This study contributes to the understanding of how proactive personality predicts entrepreneurial intention in Chinese private college students and bears implications for higher education institutions and policymakers that entrepreneurship promotion agenda should focus on improving perceived entrepreneurial support and considering the gender of students.

Factors affecting students’ entrepreneurial intentions: a systematic review (2005–2022) for future directions in theory and practice

Entrepreneurship has been viewed as a critical contributor and an economic engine in a country for creating new jobs and it is crucial for graduates to alter their mindset to become self-employed. Thus, it is necessary to synthesize the factors that impact the entrepreneurial intentions (EI) of students at tertiary level. The aim of this research is twofold; first to identify the factors which have been most studied in the literature and second, to determine which factors are less explored to measure the EI of students. This research adopts the systematic review approach to identify various studies conducted between 2005 to June 2022. The paper further adopted citation analysis and identified the 36 most impactful studies in this area of research. Next, the thematic analysis was conducted and seven main themes (factors) (cognitive, personality, environmental, social, educational, contextual and demographic) of EI determinants were identified. The analysis of the papers clearly demonstrated that the TPB model and cognitive factors dominate this area of research. Furthermore, over half of the studies are conducted in Asia, hence it is important to explore other regions such as Africa, America and Europe and other comparative studies between various regions. The study offers avenues for future research and practical implications of the study for the practitioners.

Well-Being and Entrepreneurship Intention: An Empirical Study of New Perspectives

The research aims to examine the relationships between the constructs of entrepreneurial intention according to the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model and subjective well-being (SW). The model used considers the works proposed by Liñán and Chen and Oyanedel, Vargas, and Paez, and a questionnaire was applied to 1043 people in an urban population of the three main regions of Chile using multivariate statistical methods for its analysis (structural equation models). The proposed hypotheses are that subjective well-being towards entrepreneurship has a direct and positive effect on entrepreneurial intention (H1), personal attitude towards entrepreneurship has a direct and positive effect on entrepreneurial intention (H2), perceived behavioral control towards entrepreneurship has a direct and positive effect on entrepreneurial intention (H3), and subjective norm towards entrepreneurship has a direct and positive effect on entrepreneurial intention (H4). The results indicate that subjective well-being on entrepreneurial intention shows indirect effects mediated by subjective norm, contributing to the theoretical development concerning well-being incidence on entrepreneurial behavior, providing theoretical elements that can serve as a basis for further strengthening the understanding of the relationships between personal well-being, economic growth, and the harmonious relationship with the environment.

Does National Gender Equality Matter? Gender Difference in the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Human Capital and Entrepreneurial Intention

Gender equality contributes to economic growth and social progress by promoting women’s social and economic participation. The national gender equality level can affect women’s education and opportunities for economic participation. In this work, we examine whether entrepreneurial human capital (entrepreneurial education and experience) affects entrepreneurial intention and whether these relationships depend on gender and a country’s gender equality level. We used Global Entrepreneurship Trend Report (GETR) data provided by the Korean Entrepreneurship Foundation. The global survey was conducted by the Korean National Statistical Office in 2016. The data were collected from 20 countries, including Korea, and contain at least 2000 individual responses from each country. We used HLM analysis with the HLM 6.0 program to examine the hypotheses. Our results show that entrepreneurship education increases entrepreneurial intention, and that the relationship is stronger among women than men. We also found that for women, the positive relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention is stronger in countries with lower gender equality. As for prior entrepreneurial experience, neither gender nor national gender equality level moderated the relationship between experience and entrepreneurial intention. This study contributes to the extension of entrepreneurship theory, especially in the area of women entrepreneurship. We confirm that entrepreneurial human capital contributes to entrepreneurial intention, and that gender and national gender equality level comprise an important social context that influences the effects of education and experience on the entrepreneurial intention of women.

The Impact of Cross-Cultural Adaptation on Entrepreneurial Psychological Factors and Innovation Ability for New Entrepreneurs

In the context of economic slowdown and unemployment upsurge in China, many college graduates set their goals on entrepreneurship. To help more new entrepreneurs improve their innovation ability and entrepreneurial success rate, the synergy theory of entrepreneurial psychology and entrepreneurial ability in the entrepreneurial period was put forward from the perspective of cross-cultural adaptation. On the basis of positive psychology, the entrepreneur’s psychological quality and innovation ability were combined to help explore the entrepreneur’s inner psychology and innovation ability. The study first analyzed the current development status and characteristics of new entrepreneurs through the literature review method, and explored the relationship between cross-cultural adaptation and new ventures. Second, it examined the relationship among achievement incentives, knowledge level, and the role of communication and entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial intentions from the perspective of positive psychology. Finally, based on the influence relationship and personal experience, research hypotheses and models, the study verified the hypotheses by designing questionnaire surveys, and used the controlled variable method to conduct single-factor test analysis on influencing factors and perform a t-test on the data. The results show that the Cronbach’s α coefficient in the QS is 0.894, which has good reliability. According to the regression analysis results, achievement motivation (AM) can significantly affect entrepreneurial intention (EI) (β = 487, p < 0.05), knowledge level (KL) and EI (β = 316, p < 0.05), and the regression coefficient is greater than 0, but there is no significant effect of communicate effectiveness (CE) on EI (p = 0.109 > 0.05). In the control variables influence analysis, the level of education of new entrepreneurs was negatively correlated with AM. When the college students’ educational level improved, their EI decreased. It shows that AM can promote new entrepreneurs to pursue higher goals, and different level of education has a greater impact on entrepreneurs’ AM, which has a more significant impact on entrepreneurial intention. The results further prove that entrepreneurs’ psychological factors have a particular impact on the development of enterprises.