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Balouei F, Armone R, Stefanon B, Randazzo A, Chiofalo B. Long-term dietary intervention of the hydrolyzed feather meal on microbiota composition of adult female dogs. Res Vet Sci 2024; 176:105340. [PMID: 38924930 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This research delves into the impact of substitution of 7% of poultry meal (PM) with hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM) on the animal performance and fecal microbiota of dogs. The study was conducted on six adult female English setter dogs, split into control (CTR), and treated (TRT) dietary treatment groups, with similarity for age, initial body weight, and body condition score. During 45-days, body weight, body condition score, muscle condition score, fecal consistency score and microbiota were monitored at the beginning of the trial and after 3, 7, 15 and 45 days. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed for these parameters over the whole period of the trial, neither in relation to diet, nor to time, nor to the interaction diet x time. Significant differences were observed for alpha between diets and the TRT group displayed higher evenness compared to the CTR group. Beta diversity analysis revealed distinctions in microbiota composition between the CTR and TRT groups, with the former demonstrating higher biodiversity. Discriminant analysis highlighted 9 significant taxa and 6 of them were significantly different at the Kruskal Wallis test between diets. The results showed an increase in relative abundance (RA) for the CTR group of Streptococcus, Colinsella stercoris, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Bacteroides coprophilus. Conversely, higher RA was observed in the TRT group for Peptostreptococcaceae and Bacteroides uniformis. These findings indicated that the inclusion of hydrolyzed feather meal in the diet of dogs is well accepted and do not have adverse effects in the parameters analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Balouei
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Rosangela Armone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Bruno Stefanon
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Andrea Randazzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Biagina Chiofalo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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Rimoldi S, Di Rosa AR, Oteri M, Chiofalo B, Hasan I, Saroglia M, Terova G. The impact of diets containing Hermetia illucens meal on the growth, intestinal health, and microbiota of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:1003-1024. [PMID: 38386264 PMCID: PMC11213805 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of replacing fishmeal (FM) with insect meal of Hermetia illucens (HI) in the diet of Sparus aurata farmed inshore on growth, gut health, and microbiota composition. Two isolipidic (18% as fed) and isoproteic (42% as fed) diets were tested at the farm scale: a control diet without HI meal and an experimental diet with 11% HI meal replacing FM. At the end of the 25-week feeding trial, final body weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion rate, and hepatosomatic index were not affected by the diet. Gross morphology of the gastrointestinal tract and the liver was unchanged and showed no obvious signs of inflammation. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons (MiSeq platform, Illumina) used to characterize the gut microbial community profile showed that Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla of the gut microbiota of gilthead seabream, regardless of diet. Dietary inclusion of HI meal altered the gut microbiota by significantly decreasing the abundance of Cetobacterium and increasing the relative abundance of the Oceanobacillus and Paenibacillus genera. Our results clearly indicate that the inclusion of HI meal as an alternative animal protein source positively affects the gut microbiota of seabream by increasing the abundance of beneficial genera, thereby improving gut health and maintaining growth performance of S. aurata from coastal farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Rimoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Ambra Rita Di Rosa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Marianna Oteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Biagina Chiofalo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Imam Hasan
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Saroglia
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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Wang F, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Chen J, Wang T, Qiao L, Zhang L, Ding C, Yuan Y, Qi Z, Chen T. Co-digestion of chicken manure and sewage sludge in black soldier fly larvae bioconversion system: bacterial biodiversity and nutrients quality of residues for biofertilizer application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:119804-119813. [PMID: 37930569 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) bioconversion system is emerging as an effective approach for organic waste pollution treatment. Co-digestion of different organic matters with BSFL can be an effective way to realize the innovative biowaste circular economy. In this study, organic waste mixture of chicken manure and sewage sludge was chosen as substrate for BSFL growth. The bacterial biodiversity and nutrients quality of BSFL residue were evaluated through gene sequencing and other characterizations to confirm their application potential as biofertilizers. The dominant bacteria in BSFL residue were Firmicutes (75.39%) at phylum level, Bacilli (71.61%) at class level and Pseudogracilibacillus (11.08%) at genus level. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were used to assess the harmlessness of BSFL residue. After BSFL treatment, 36.2% decrease in ARGs was observed. Taking nutrients quality into consideration, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved nitrogen, available phosphorous, and available potassium significantly increased in the co-digestion system. These results demonstrated that co-digestion of chicken manure and excess sludge in BSFL bioconversion system could improve the nutrients quality of residues. However, removal of ARGs in the bioconversion process should be further explored to eliminate environmental concerns associated with application of BSFL residue as biofertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Qiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhitao Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianming Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China.
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Influence of Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal Dietary Inclusion on Growth Performance, Gut Histological Traits and Stress Parameters in Sparus aurata. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030339. [PMID: 36766228 PMCID: PMC9913394 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study provided new data and knowledge on the potential use of Hermetia illucens meal (HIM) as a new sustainable ingredient for Sparus aurata diet. The effect of HIM dietary inclusion on fish growth performance, stress indicators and gut histology was studied. For 131 days, 312 fish were fed a basal diet containing fishmeal as animal protein source, and three diets containing 25%, 35% and 50% HIM as a partial replacement for fishmeal. The main findings indicated that fishmeal can be replaced by HIM up to 110 g/kg of substitution (35% of inclusion in diet) without negative effects on growth performance, stress parameters or histological traits of the posterior gut tract, and with positive effects (p < 0.05) on the histological and morphometric characteristics of the anterior gut tract. At the same time, the results showed that the effect of Hermetia illucens meal at 50% inclusion level caused morphometric and histopathological alterations in the anterior gut tract of seabream. In conclusion, this preliminary study suggested that the dietary inclusion level of HIM35 was the most tolerated by fish showing the best gut morphometric parameters and histological conditions, with fewer signs of inflammation, as well as good nutritional and health status.
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Liu X, Li Z, Sheng H, Cooney R, Yuan Z. The underestimated importance of fertilizer in aquacultural phosphorus budget: Case of Chinese mitten crab. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158523. [PMID: 36063924 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
China's reliance on aquaculture has intensified to satisfy the growing human demand for high-quality animal protein, making it the only country whose aquaculture production has greatly exceeded that of capture fishery for a long time. Previous studies have shown that phosphorus (P) is a limiting nutrient for freshwater eutrophication; therefore, the quantification of P flows in freshwater aquaculture is of great importance for improving aquaculture efficiency and reducing environmental pollution. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) and substance flow analysis (SFA) are combined to develop a life cycle P flow model for Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) culture and calculate the P inputs, outputs and net change in stock. The results show a relatively low P use efficiency (4 %) in Chinese mitten crab. Among all life-cycle stages, the maximum P input occurs during adult crab cultivation, when feed is continuously added to maintain appropriate nutrition levels and increase body weight. In addition, fertilizer is often neglected in the existing accounts but accounts for 24 % of the total P inputs. On the output side, approximately 86 % of the P accumulates in sediment, indicating the potential of sediment recycling as a nutrient source in agriculture. This study provides an updated quantitative method for describing nutrient flows within freshwater aquaculture systems and will contribute to decision-making in pollution control of intensive freshwater aquaculture activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Lishui Institute of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 211200, China
| | - Zeru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hu Sheng
- Lishui Institute of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 211200, China
| | - Ronan Cooney
- Ryan Institute, School of Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, H91 HX31 Galway, Ireland
| | - Zengwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Bogdan G, Ioan SD, Mihai Ș, Elena ML, Vasile MD, Mihaela BA. Particularities of the Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Ovipositing Behavior: Practical Applications. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070611. [PMID: 35886787 PMCID: PMC9319695 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The industrial rearing of Hermetia illucens offers sustainable solutions to the acute challenges of modern society associated with the accumulation of increasing amounts of organic waste, the substantial reduction of natural ocean fish stocks, and the imminent food crisis. Detailed knowledge of the reproductive particularities and reproductive behavior of the species is essential for increasing the efficiency of the breeding technology. This study aimed to identify the affinity shown by females regarding the size of the oviposition slots (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm), the vertical distribution of the ovipositing rate, and the influence of the substrate’s moisture on ovipositing behavior (dry matter/water: 1:0.5; 1:1; 1:1.5; 1:2). Over 90% of females oviposited in the 1-, 2- and 3-mm slots, with most of the eggs (58.57%) being oviposited in the 1-mm slots. There was a positive correlation between the size of the oviposition slots and the average weight of the clutches (r = 0.985). The vertical distribution of ovipositing followed a fluctuating trend, with a tendency to oviposit closer to the attractive substrate. The females avoided ovipositing close to substrates with low humidity (1:0.5); indeed, only 6.8% oviposited under these conditions, the differences being significant compared to substrates with higher humidity (p < 0.001). The vast majority of females (43.2%) oviposited on substrates with an average humidity of 1:1 (p < 0.001). These results provide new insights into the ovipositing behavior of H. illucens, which allow for a differentiated harvest of large-sized clutches, providing practical applications with significant impact on the economic efficiency of the species’ industrial growth technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgescu Bogdan
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Struți Dănuț Ioan
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence: (S.D.I.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Șuteu Mihai
- Department of Technological Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (Ș.M.); (M.L.E.)
| | - Moldovan Lavinia Elena
- Department of Technological Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (Ș.M.); (M.L.E.)
| | - Moldovan Dorin Vasile
- Department of Geotechnical and Foundations, Faculty of Construction, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400144 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Boaru Anca Mihaela
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence: (S.D.I.); (B.A.M.)
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Koutsos E, Modica B, Freel T. Immunomodulatory potential of black soldier fly larvae: applications beyond nutrition in animal feeding programs. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac084. [PMID: 35854966 PMCID: PMC9280983 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect-derived ingredients, including whole larvae, protein-rich meal, and oil, have been extensively studied in recent years and shown to be a sustainable source of quality nutrition for virtually all animal species and life stages. In addition to the ability to use these ingredients as a source of essential nutrition, more recent research has demonstrated the potential for the immunomodulatory activity of various components of insect-derived ingredients. For all insects studied, antimicrobial peptides make up a critical part of the insects’ innate immune system and these peptides have antimicrobial efficacy when purified from hemolymph and tested in vitro. From black soldier fly larvae, in particular, lauric acid is a predominant fatty acid deposited into the insect, and lauric acid also has potential antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the chitin and chitosan components of the insect exoskeleton may modulate microbial activity in a variety of ways. In companion animals, poultry, and livestock species, insect-derived ingredients have shown the potential to reduce the impact of actual or simulated disease challenge on several parameters of animal health and well-being. This review describes the current state of knowledge of the immunomodulatory potential of insect-derived ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bree Modica
- EnviroFlight, LLC , 1118 Progress Way, Maysville, KY 41056 , USA
| | - Tarra Freel
- EnviroFlight, LLC , 1118 Progress Way, Maysville, KY 41056 , USA
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Oteri M, Chiofalo B, Maricchiolo G, Toscano G, Nalbone L, Lo Presti V, Di Rosa AR. Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal in the Diet of Gilthead Sea Bream: Effect on Chemical and Microbiological Quality of Filets. Front Nutr 2022; 9:896552. [PMID: 35685870 PMCID: PMC9172839 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.896552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical and microbiological characteristics of filets of Spaurus aurata L. specimens fed with diets containing a Hermetia illucens meal (HIM) at the 25, 35, and 50%, as a partial replacement for fish meal (FM) were evaluated. The diets, formulated to satisfy the nutritional needs of fish, were isoenergetic (22 MJ/kg gross energy), isonitrogenous (43 g/100 g, a.f.), and isolipidic (19 g/100 g, a.f.). Seventy-two specimens were randomly killed after 186 days of growing trials. Then, the filets were analyzed for chemical profile, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, and microbial flora. Data were subjected to statistical analysis. No significant differences were observed in chemical composition. The sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) showed a similar content in the filets; eicosapentaenoic acid was similar in the filets of HIM0, HIM35%, and HIM50%, whereas docosahexaenoic acid was higher in filets of the HIM0 group. n3/n6 PUFA ratio and the sum of EPA + DHA showed a high value (p < 0.001) in filets of the group fed with FM. No significant difference was observed in thrombogenic index and hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio in the groups; the atherogenic index showed a higher value (p = 0.001) in the HIM50% group. Indispensable amino acids showed some significant (p < 0.0001) differences in the groups; arginine and phenylalanine content was higher in the filets of fish fed with FM; isoleucine and valine content was higher in the filets of HIM50%; leucine, lysine and methionine content was lower in the filets of HIM35%; histidine content was lower in the filets of HIM25%; tryptophan content was lower in filets of the HIM50% group. EAA/NEAA ratio showed highest value in the filets of the group that received FM. The presence of HIM in the three diets kept chromium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and nickel levels lower than those recommended by various authorities. Ca/P ratio showed a higher level (p < 0.0001) in the group fed with FM than those fed with diets containing HIM. The insect meal in the diets did not influence the microbiological profile of fish. Use of HIM as an unconventional feed ingredient in Sparus aurata diet looks promising, although the quality of filets may be affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Oteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Biagina Chiofalo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Maricchiolo
- Institute of Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Toscano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Nalbone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lo Presti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ambra Rita Di Rosa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Meat Quality of Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) Fed with Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal (Hermetia illucens) as a Protein Source. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The most widely used feed ingredients in the world are fishmeal and soybean, which, despite having high-quality digestible protein and good fat content, are considered environmentally unsustainable and increasingly expensive. This issue also involves the guinea pig, a very important animal protein source for people in Andean regions in South America. Here we investigate the substitution of soybean meal with 50% and 100% black soldier fly larvae meal in the guinea pig diet and its effects on meat quality (fatty acid profile, amino acid profile, water-holding capacity, pH, proximal composition, and color). The results showed no differences in the protein content and amino acid profile of meat nor in the n-6:n-3 and P/S ratios, but did show an increment in the desirable fats (mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids) in the guinea pigs fed with black soldier fly larvae meal. All the other analyzed parameters showed no differences among the diets tested. These results suggest that total replacement of soybean meal with black soldier fly larvae meal in guinea pig nutrition is feasible since meat quality was maintained or improved.
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