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Reichhardt CC, Bayles SA, Feuz R, Motsinger LA, Alberto AF, Okamoto LL, Brown BL, Briggs RK, Roholt BW, Bowman BR, Larsen R, Garcia MD, Thornton KJ. Relationship among cattle breed and anabolic implant protocol relative to feedlot performance: Growth, temperament, feeding behavior, carcass traits, and economic return. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2023; 84-85:106806. [PMID: 37392553 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2023.106806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that different cattle breed types may respond differently to anabolic implant protocols of varying intensity. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare anabolic implant protocols in feedlot steers of 2 different breed types. Sixty steers were stratified by weight and breed in a 2 × 3 factorial design examining 2 different breeds: Angus (AN; n=38) or Santa Gertrudis influenced (SG; n=22), and 3 implant strategies: no implant (CON; n=20), a moderate intensity implant protocol (d0 implant: Revalor-G, d56 implant: Revalor-IS, d112 implant: Revalor-S; MI; n=20), or a high intensity implant protocol (d0 implant: Revalor-IS, d56 implant: Revalor-S, d112 implant: Revalor-200; HI; n=20). Steers were randomly placed into pens equipped with GrowSafe bunks to collect dry matter intake and feeding behavior. All animals were fed the same diet. Weight, chute score, exit velocity, serum, rectal temperature, hip height and 12th rib fat thickness were collected approximately every 28 d over a 196 d period. Serum urea nitrogen (SUN) was evaluated as well. Total average daily gain was increased (P < 0.0001) in both the HI and MI steers compared to the CON steers by 29.4% and 26%, respectively. A treatment × breed interaction was observed (P < 0.0001) for hip height, with AN-CON steers being shorter (P < 0.0007) than AN-HI, SG-CON, SG-MI, and SG-HI steers. A breed × treatment interaction was observed (P < 0.004) for chute score and rectal temperature, with SG-HI and SG-MI steers having increased chute scores (P < 0.001) when compared to AN-HI, AN-MI, AN-CON, and SG-CON throughout the course of the trial. Additionally, SG-HI and SG-MI steers had an increased rectal temperature (P < 0.004) compared to AN-HI, AN-MI, AN-CON, and SG-CON steers. A breed effect was observed (P = 0.002) for SUN with AN steers having increased (P = 0.002) SUN concentration compared to SG sired steers, in addition to a treatment effect (P < 0.0001), with CON steers having a higher (P < 0.0001) SUN concentration than MI and HI steers, regardless of breed. The MI implant protocol increased net return per head, on average, by $97.28, regardless of breed, while the HI implant protocol increased net return by only $80.84. Taken together, despite the cattle breed types responding differently to the different anabolic implant protocols at times, a moderate intensity anabolic implant protocol was optimal in this experiment for steers raised in a temperate climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Reichhardt
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - S A Bayles
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - R Feuz
- Department of Applied Economics, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - L A Motsinger
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - A F Alberto
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - L L Okamoto
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - B L Brown
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - R K Briggs
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - B W Roholt
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - B R Bowman
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - R Larsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - M D Garcia
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - K J Thornton
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
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Reichhardt CC, Stafford CD, Cuthbert JM, Dang DS, Motsinger LA, Taylor MJ, Briggs RK, Brady TJ, Thomas AJ, Garcia MD, Matarneh SK, Thornton KJ. Cattle breed type and anabolic implants impact calpastatin expression and abundance of mRNA associated with protein turnover in the longissimus thoracis of feedlot steers. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6652317. [PMID: 35908782 PMCID: PMC9339321 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two methods that the beef cattle industry can use to improve efficiency, sustainability, and economic viability are growth promotants and crossbreeding cattle of different breed types. In the United States, over 90% of cattle receive an anabolic implant at some point during production resulting in an overall increase in skeletal muscle growth. Recent research suggests that the two main cattle breed types, Bos indicus and Bos taurus, respond differently to anabolic implants. The objective of this study was to characterize changes that occur in skeletal muscle following implanting in Bos indicus influenced steers or Bos taurus steers. Twenty steers were stratified by initial weight in a 2 × 2 factorial design examining two different breeds: Angus (AN; n = 10) or Santa Gertrudis influenced (SG; n = 10), and two implant strategies: no implant (CON; n = 10) or a combined implant containing 120 mg TBA and 24 mg E2 (IMP; n = 10; Revalor-S, Merck Animal Health). Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken from the longissimus thoracis (LT) 2 and 10 d post-implantation. The mRNA abundance of 24 genes associated with skeletal muscle growth were examined, as well as the protein expression of µ-calpain and calpastatin. Succinate dehydrogenase mRNA abundance was impacted (P = 0.05) by a breed × treatment interaction 2 d post-implanting, with SG-CON having a greater increased abundance than all other steers. A tendency for a breed × treatment interaction was observed for calpain-6 mRNA (P = 0.07), with SG-CON having greater abundance than AN-CON and SG-IMP. Additionally, calpastatin protein expression was altered (P = 0.01) by a breed × treatment interaction, with SG-CON and SG-IMP steers having increased expression (P = 0.01) compared with AN-CON steers. At 2 d post-implanting, a breed × treatment interaction was observed with SG-CON steers having greater (P = 0.05) mRNA abundance of mitogen-activated protein kinase compared with AN-CON steers. Furthermore, breed affected (P = 0.05) calpastatin abundance with AN steers having increased (P = 0.05) abundance 2 d post-implanting compared with SG steers. Meanwhile, implants tended to affect (P = 0.09) muscle RING finger protein-1 mRNA abundance, with CON steers having increased (P = 0.09) abundance compared with that of IMP steers. These findings suggest that cattle breed type and anabolic implants impact calpastatin expression and mRNA abundance associated with protein turnover in the LT of feedlot steers 2 and 10 d post-implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C Reichhardt
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Chandler D Stafford
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Jocelyn M Cuthbert
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.,Department of Biology, Westminster College, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA
| | - David S Dang
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Laura A Motsinger
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Mackenzie J Taylor
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Reganne K Briggs
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Tevan J Brady
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Aaron J Thomas
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Matthew D Garcia
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Sulaiman K Matarneh
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kara J Thornton
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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