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Holkar SK, Ghotgalkar PS, Markad HN, Bhanbhane VC, Saha S, Banerjee K. Current Status and Future Perspectives on Distribution of Fungal Endophytes and Their Utilization for Plant Growth Promotion and Management of Grapevine Diseases. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:116. [PMID: 38489076 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Grapevine is one of the economically most important fruit crops cultivated worldwide. Grape production is significantly affected by biotic constraints leading to heavy crop losses. Changing climatic conditions leading to widespread occurrence of different foliar diseases in grapevine. Chemical products are used for managing these diseases through preventive and curative application in the vineyard. High disease pressure and indiscriminate use of chemicals leading to residue in the final harvest and resistance development in phytopathogens. To mitigate these challenges, the adoption of potential biocontrol control agents is necessary. Moreover, multifaceted benefits of endophytes made them eco-friendly, and environmentally safe approach. The genetic composition, physiological conditions, and ecology of their host plant have an impact on their dispersion patterns and population diversity. Worldwide, a total of more than 164 fungal endophytes (FEs) have been characterized originating from different tissues, varieties, crop growth stages, and geographical regions of grapevine. These diverse FEs have been used extensively for management of different phytopathogens globally. The FEs produce secondary metabolites, lytic enzymes, and organic compounds which are known to possess antimicrobial and antifungal properties. The aim of this review was to understand diversity, distribution, host-pathogen-endophyte interaction, role of endophytes in disease management and for enhanced, and quality production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sujoy Saha
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra, 412307, India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra, 412307, India
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Maral-Gül D, Eltem R. Evaluation of Bacillus isolates as a biological control agents against soilborne phytopathogenic fungi. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00490-1. [PMID: 38376639 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides, used in agriculture to control plant diseases, pose risks to the environment and human health. To address this, there's a growing focus on biocontrol, using microorganisms instead of chemicals. In this study, we aimed to identify Bacillus isolates as potential biological control agents. We tested 1574 Bacillus isolates for antifungal effects against pathogens like Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium solani, and Rhizoctonia solani. Out of these, 77 isolates formed inhibition zones against all three pathogens. We then investigated their lytic enzyme activities (protease, chitinase, and chitosanase) and the production of antifungal metabolites (siderophore and hydrogen cyanide). Coagulase activity was also examined to estimate potential pathogenicity in humans and animals. After evaluating all mechanisms, 19 non-pathogenic Bacillus isolates with significant antifungal effects were chosen. Molecular identification revealed they belonged to B. subtilis (n = 19) strains. The 19 native Bacillus strains, demonstrating strong antifungal effects in vitro, have the potential to form the basis for biocontrol product development. This could address challenges in agricultural production, marking a crucial stride toward sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Maral-Gül
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, 35100, Bornova-Izmir, Türkiye.
| | - Rengin Eltem
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
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Mannerucci F, D’Ambrosio G, Regina N, Schiavone D, Bruno GL. New Potential Biological Limiters of the Main Esca-Associated Fungi in Grapevine. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2099. [PMID: 37630659 PMCID: PMC10459360 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The strains Trichoderma harzianum TH07.1-NC (TH), Aphanocladium album MX95 (AA), Pleurotus eryngii AL142PE (PE) and Pleurotus ostreatus ALPO (PO) were tested as biological limiters against Fomitiporia mediterranea Fme22.12 (FM), Phaeoacremonium minimum Pm22.53 (PM) and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora Pc22.65 (PC). Pathogens were obtained from naturally Esca-affected 'Nero di Troia' vines cropped in Grumo Appula (Puglia region, Southern Italy). The antagonistic activity of each challenge organism was verified in a dual culture. TH and PO completely overgrew the three pathogens. Partial replacement characterized PE-FM, PE-PM, PE-PC and AA-PC interactions. Deadlock at mycelial contact was observed in AA-FM and AA-PM cultures. The calculated antagonism index (AI) indicated TH and PE as moderately active antagonists (10 < AI < 15), while AA and PO were weakly active (AI < 10). The maximum value of the re-isolation index (s) was associated with deadlock among AA-PM, AA-PC and PE-FM dual cultures. The tested biological limiters were always re-isolated when PO and TH completely replaced the three tested pathogens. TH and AA confirmed their efficiencies as biological limiters when inoculated on detached canes of 'Nero di Troia' in dual combination with FM, PC and PM. Nevertheless, additional experiments should be performed for a solid conclusion, along with validation experiments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Luigi Bruno
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.M.); (D.S.)
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Holkar SK, Ghotgalkar PS, Lodha TD, Bhanbhane VC, Shewale SA, Markad H, Shabeer ATP, Saha S. Biocontrol potential of endophytic fungi originated from grapevine leaves for management of anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:258. [PMID: 37405269 PMCID: PMC10314888 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, 51 fungal endophytes (FEs) were isolated, purified and identified from the healthy leaf segments of ten grapevine varieties based on the spore and colony morphologies and ITS sequence information. The FEs belonged to the Ascomycota division comprising eight genera viz., Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Curvularia, Daldinia, Exserohilum, Fusarium and Nigrospora. The in vitro direct confrontation assay against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides revealed that six isolates viz., VR8 (70%), SB2 (83.15%), CS2 (88.42%), MN3 (88.42%), MS5 (78.94%) and MS15 (78.94%) inhibited the mycelial growth of test pathogen. The remaining 45 fungal isolates showed 20-59.9% growth inhibition of C. gloeosporioides. Indirect confrontation assay manifested that the isolates MN1 and MN4a showed 79.09% and 78.18% growth inhibition of C. gloeosporioides followed by MM4 (73.63%) and S5 (71.81%) isolates. Isolate S5 and MM4 were found to produce azulene and 1,3-Cyclopentanedione, 4,4-dimethyl as antimicrobial volatile organic compounds, respectively. The 38 FEs showed PCR amplification using internal transcribed spacer universal primers. The BLAST search revealed highest similarity with the existing sequences in the database. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the occurrence of seven distinct clusters each corresponding to single genus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03675-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath K. Holkar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
| | - Prabhavati S. Ghotgalkar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
| | - Tushar D. Lodha
- National Centre of Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411 007 India
| | - Vrushali C. Bhanbhane
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
| | - Shraddha A. Shewale
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
- Present Address: Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra 413 705 India
| | - Harshvardhan Markad
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
| | - A. T. P. Shabeer
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
| | - Sujoy Saha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
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Leoni C, Manzari C, Chiara M, Veronico P, Bruno GL, Pesole G, Ceci LR, Volpicella M. Chitinolytic Enzymes of the Hyperparasite Fungus Aphanocladium album: Genome-Wide Survey and Characterization of A Selected Enzyme. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1357. [PMID: 37317333 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aphanocladium album is known as a hyperparasite of plant pathogenic fungi; hence, it has been studied as a possible agent for plant protection. Chitinases secreted by A. album have proven to be essential for its fungicidal activity. However, no complete analysis of the A. album chitinase assortment has been carried out, nor have any of its chitinases been characterized yet. In this study, we report the first draft assembly of the genome sequence of A. album (strain MX-95). The in silico functional annotation of the genome allowed the identification of 46 genes encoding chitinolytic enzymes of the GH18 (26 genes), GH20 (8 genes), GH75 (8 genes), and GH3 (4 genes) families. The encoded proteins were investigated by comparative and phylogenetic analysis, allowing clustering in different subgroups. A. album chitinases were also characterized according to the presence of different functional protein domains (carbohydrate-binding modules and catalytic domains) providing the first complete description of the chitinase repertoire of A. album. A single chitinase gene was then selected for complete functional characterization. The encoded protein was expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, and its activity was assayed under different conditions of temperature and pH and with different substrates. It was found that the enzyme acts mainly as a chitobiosidase, with higher activity in the 37-50 °C range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Leoni
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Manzari
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Enviroment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiara
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pasqua Veronico
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luigi Bruno
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Enviroment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology, Località Padriciano, 99, Area di Ricerca, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi R Ceci
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Volpicella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Enviroment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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