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Tian H, Zhang H, Shi X, Ma W, Zhang J. Population genetic diversity and environmental adaptation of Tamarix hispida in the Tarim Basin, arid Northwestern China. Heredity (Edinb) 2024:10.1038/s41437-024-00714-0. [PMID: 39138378 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-024-00714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Arid ecosystems, characterized by severe water scarcity, play a crucial role in preserving Earth's biodiversity and resources. The Tarim Basin in Northwestern China, a typical arid region isolated by the Tianshan Mountains and expansive deserts, provides a special study area for investigating how plant response and adaptation to such environments. Tamarix hispida, a species well adapted to saline-alkaline and drought conditions, dominates in the saline-alkali lands of the Tarim Basin. This study aims to examine the genetic diversity and environmental adaptation of T. hispida in the Tarim Basin. Genomic SNPs for a total of 160 individuals from 17 populations were generated using dd-RAD sequencing approach. Population genetic structure and genetic diversity were analyzed by methods including ADMIXTURE, PCA, and phylogenetic tree. Environmental association analysis (EAA) was performed using LFMM and RDA analyses. The results revealed two major genetic lineages with geographical substitution patterns from west to east, indicating significant gene flow and hybridization. Environmental factors such as Precipitation Seasonality (bio15) and Topsoil Sand Fraction (T_SAND) significantly shaped allele frequencies, supporting the species' genetic adaptability. Several genes associated with environmental adaptation were identified and annotated, highlighting physiological and metabolic processes crucial for survival in arid conditions. The study highlights the role of geographical isolation and environmental factors in shaping genetic structure and adaptive evolution. The identified adaptive genes related to stress tolerance emphasize the species' resilience and highlight the importance of specific physiological and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Gene Resources, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Specimen Museum of Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Ecological Adaptation and Evolution of Extreme Environment Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Gene Resources, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
- Specimen Museum of Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Ecological Adaptation and Evolution of Extreme Environment Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Wenhui Ma
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Gene Resources, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Specimen Museum of Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Ge X, Ding J, Amantai N, Xiong J, Wang J. Responses of vegetation cover to hydro-climatic variations in Bosten Lake Watershed, NW China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1323445. [PMID: 38689846 PMCID: PMC11058830 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1323445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Amidst the backdrop of global climate change, it is imperative to comprehend the intricate connections among surface water, vegetation, and climatic shifts within watersheds, especially in fragile, arid ecosystems. However, these relationships across various timescales remain unclear. We employed the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) method to analyze the multifaceted dynamics of surface water and vegetation in the Bosten Lake Watershed across multiple temporal scales. This analysis has shed light on how these elements interact with climate change, revealing significant insights. From March to October, approximately 14.9-16.8% of the areas with permanent water were susceptible to receding and drying up. Both the annual and monthly values of Bosten Lake's level and area exhibited a trend of initial decline followed by an increase, reaching their lowest point in 2013 (1,045.0 m and 906.6 km2, respectively). Approximately 7.7% of vegetated areas showed a significant increase in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). NDVI volatility was observed in 23.4% of vegetated areas, primarily concentrated in the southern part of the study area and near Lake Bosten. Regarding the annual components (6 < T < 24 months), temperature, 3-month cumulative NDVI, and 3-month-leading precipitation exhibited the strongest correlation with changes in water level and surface area. For the interannual components (T≥ 24 months), NDVI, 3-month cumulative precipitation, and 3-month-leading temperature displayed the most robust correlation with alterations in water level and surface area. In both components, NDVI had a negative impact on Bosten Lake's water level and surface area, while temperature and precipitation exerted positive effects. Through comparative analysis, this study reveals the importance of temporal periodicity in developing adaptive strategies for achieving Sustainable Development Goals in dryland watersheds. This study introduces a robust methodology for dissecting trends within scale components of lake level and surface area and links these trends to climate variations and NDVI changes across different temporal scales. The inherent correlations uncovered in this research can serve as valuable guidance for future investigations into surface water dynamics in arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Ge
- College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jianli Ding
- College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Nigenare Amantai
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ju Xiong
- College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jingzhe Wang
- Institute of Applied Artificial Intelligence of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
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Lu C, Shi L, Fu L, Liu S, Li J, Mo Z. Urban Ecological Environment Quality Evaluation and Territorial Spatial Planning Response: Application to Changsha, Central China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3753. [PMID: 36834446 PMCID: PMC9961913 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Scientific territorial spatial planning is of great significance in the realization of the sustainable development goals in China, especially in the context of China's ecological civilization construction and territorial spatial planning. However, limited research has been carried out to understand the spatio-temporal change in EEQ and territorial spatial planning. In this study, Changsha County and six districts of Changsha City were selected as the research objects. Based on the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) model, the spatio-temporal changes in the EEQ and spatial planning response in the study area during 2003-2018 were analyzed. The results reveal that (1) the EEQ of Changsha declined and then rose between 2003 and 2018, showing an overall decreasing trend. The average RSEI declined from 0.532 in 2003 to 0.500 in 2014 and then increased to 0.523 in 2018, with an overall decrease of 1.7%. (2) In terms of spatial pattern changes, the Xingma Group, the Airport Group and the Huangli Group in the east of the Xiangjiang River had the most serious EEQ degradation. The EEQ degradation of Changsha showed an expanding and polycentric decentralized grouping pattern. (3) Massive construction land expansion during rapid urbanization caused significant EEQ degradation in Changsha. Particularly, the areas with low EEQ were concentrated in the areas with concentrated industrial land. Scientific territorial spatial planning and strict control were conducive to regional EEQ improvement. (4) The prediction using the urban ecological model demonstrates that every 0.549 unit increase in NDVI or 0.2 unit decrease in NDBSI can improve the RSEI of the study area by 0.1 unit, thus improving EEQ. In the future territorial spatial planning and construction of Changsha, it is necessary to promote the transformation and upgrading of low-end industries into high-end manufacturing industries and control the scale of inefficient industrial land. The EEQ degradation caused by industrial land expansion needs to be noted. All of these findings can provide valuable information for relevant decision-makers to formulate ecological environment protection strategies and conduct future territorial spatial planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Lu
- College of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
- College of Urban and Environment, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Safe Discharge and Resource Utilization of Urban Water, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
| | - Lihua Fu
- College of Geographic Sciences and Tourism, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China
| | - Simian Liu
- College of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
| | - Jianqiao Li
- College of Urban and Environment, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Zhenchun Mo
- College of Tourism, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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Zhang Q, Chen Y, Li Z, Sun C, Xiang Y, Liu Z. Spatio-Temporal Development of Vegetation Carbon Sinks and Sources in the Arid Region of Northwest China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3608. [PMID: 36834302 PMCID: PMC9966209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drylands, which account for 41% of Earth's land surface and are home to more than two billion people, play an important role in the global carbon balance. This study analyzes the spatio-temporal patterns of vegetation carbon sinks and sources in the arid region of northwest China (NWC), using the net ecosystem production (NEP) through the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach (CASA). It quantitatively evaluates regional ecological security over a 20-year period (2000-2020) via a remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) and other ecological indexes, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), fraction of vegetation cover (FVC), net primary productivity (NPP), and land use. The results show that the annual average carbon capacity of vegetation in NWC changed from carbon sources to carbon sinks, and the vegetation NEP increased at a rate of 1.98 gC m-2 yr-1 from 2000 to 2020. Spatially, the annual NEP in northern Xinjiang (NXJ), southern Xinjiang (SXJ) and Hexi Corridor (HX) increased at even faster rates of 2.11, 2.22, and 1.98 gC m-2 yr-1, respectively. Obvious geographically heterogeneous distributions and changes occurred in vegetation carbon sinks and carbon sources. Some 65.78% of the vegetation areas in NWC were carbon sources during 2000-2020, which were concentrated in the plains, and SXJ, the majority carbon sink areas are located in the mountains. The vegetation NEP in the plains exhibited a positive trend (1.21 gC m-2 yr-1) during 2000-2020, but this speed has slowed since 2010. The vegetation NEP in the mountain exhibited only intermittent changes (2.55 gC m-2 yr-1) during 2000-2020; it exhibited a negative trend during 2000-2010, but this trend has reversed strongly since 2010. The entire ecological security of NWC was enhanced during the study period. Specifically, the RSEI increased from 0.34 to 0.49, the NDVI increased by 0.03 (17.65%), the FVC expanded by 19.56%, and the NPP increased by 27.44%. Recent positive trends in NDVI, FVC and NPP have enhanced the capacity of vegetation carbon sinks, and improved the eco-environment of NWC. The scientific outcomes of this study are of great importance for maintaining ecological stability and sustainable economic development along China's Silk Road Economic Belt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifei Zhang
- School of Geographical Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Research Center of Ecology and Environment in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Yaning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Congjian Sun
- School of Geographical Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Research Center of Ecology and Environment in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Yanyun Xiang
- School of Public Administration, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- School of Geographical Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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Xu H, Li C, Shi T. Is the z-score standardized RSEI suitable for time-series ecological change detection? Comment on Zheng et al. (2022). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158582. [PMID: 36089031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiu Xu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Soil Erosion and Disaster Prevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Chunqiang Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Soil Erosion and Disaster Prevention, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Tingting Shi
- College of Economics and Management, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350008, China
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Dynamic monitoring and analysis of factors influencing ecological environment quality in northern Anhui, China, based on the Google Earth Engine. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20307. [PMID: 36434105 PMCID: PMC9700754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the ecological environment quality is an important task that is often connected to achieving sustainable development. Timely and accurate monitoring can provide a scientific basis for regional land use planning and environmental protection. Based on the Google Earth Engine platform coupled with the greenness, humidity, heat, and dryness identified in remote sensing imagery, this paper constructed a remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) covering northern Anhui and quantitatively analyzed the characteristics of the spatiotemporal changes in the ecological environment quality from 2001 to 2020. Geodetector software was used to explore the mechanism driving the characteristics of spatial differentiation in the ecological environment quality. The main conclusions were as follows. First, the ecological environment quality in northern Anhui declined rapidly from 2001 to 2005, but the rate of decline slowed from 2005 to 2020 and a trend of improvement gradually emerged. The ecological environment quality of Huainan from 2001 to 2020 was better and more stable compared with other regional cities. Bengbu and Suzhou showed a trend of initially declining and then improving. Huaibei, Fuyang, and Bozhou demonstrated a trend of a fluctuating decline over time. Second, vegetation coverage was the main influencing factor of the RSEI, while rainfall was a secondary factor in northern Anhui from 2001 to 2020. Finally, interactions were observed between the factors, and the explanatory power of these factors increased significantly after the interaction. The most apparent interaction was between vegetation coverage and rainfall (q = 0.404). In addition, we found that vegetation abundance had a positive impact on ecological environment quality, while population density and urbanization had negative impacts, and the ecological environment quality of wetlands was the highest. Our research will provide a theoretical basis for environmental protection and support the high-quality development of northern Anhui.
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Zhang Y, Song T, Fan J, Man W, Liu M, Zhao Y, Zheng H, Liu Y, Li C, Song J, Yang X, Du J. Land Use and Climate Change Altered the Ecological Quality in the Luanhe River Basin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137719. [PMID: 35805374 PMCID: PMC9266296 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and assessing ecological quality (EQ) can help to understand the status and dynamics of the local ecosystem. Moreover, land use and climate change increase uncertainty in the ecosystem. The Luanhe River Basin (LHRB) is critical to the ecological security of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. To support ecosystem protection in the LHRB, we evaluated the EQ from 2001 to 2020 based on the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) with the Google Earth Engine (GEE). Then, we introduced the coefficient of variation, Theil–Sen analysis, and Mann–Kendall test to quantify the variation and trend of the EQ. The results showed that the EQ in LHRB was relatively good, with 61.08% of the basin rated as ‘good’ or ‘excellent’. The spatial distribution of EQ was low in the north and high in the middle, with strong improvement in the north and serious degradation in the south. The average EQ ranged from 0.58 to 0.64, showing a significant increasing trend. Furthermore, we found that the expansion of construction land has caused degradation of the EQ, whereas climate change likely improved the EQ in the upper and middle reaches of the LHRB. The results could help in understanding the state and trend of the eco-environment in the LHRB and support decision-making in land-use management and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Zhang
- College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (Y.Z.); (T.S.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (J.S.); (X.Y.)
- Hebei Tangshan High Resolution Earth Observation System Data and Application Center, Tangshan 063210, China; (J.F.); (J.D.)
| | - Tanglei Song
- College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (Y.Z.); (T.S.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (J.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Jihao Fan
- Hebei Tangshan High Resolution Earth Observation System Data and Application Center, Tangshan 063210, China; (J.F.); (J.D.)
- Aerospace Wanyuan Cloud Data Hebei Co., Ltd., Tangshan 063300, China
| | - Weidong Man
- College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (Y.Z.); (T.S.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (J.S.); (X.Y.)
- Hebei Tangshan High Resolution Earth Observation System Data and Application Center, Tangshan 063210, China; (J.F.); (J.D.)
- Tangshan Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing, Tangshan 063210, China
- Hebei Industrial Technology Institute of Mine Ecological Remediation, Tangshan 063210, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Mining Development and Security Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-315-880-5408 (W.M.)
| | - Mingyue Liu
- College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (Y.Z.); (T.S.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (J.S.); (X.Y.)
- Hebei Tangshan High Resolution Earth Observation System Data and Application Center, Tangshan 063210, China; (J.F.); (J.D.)
- Tangshan Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing, Tangshan 063210, China
- Hebei Industrial Technology Institute of Mine Ecological Remediation, Tangshan 063210, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Mining Development and Security Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-315-880-5408 (W.M.)
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Qinhuangdao City Surveying and Mapping Brigade, Qinhuangdao 066000, China
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-315-880-5408 (W.M.)
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (Y.Z.); (T.S.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (J.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yahui Liu
- College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (Y.Z.); (T.S.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (J.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Chunyu Li
- College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (Y.Z.); (T.S.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (J.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Jingru Song
- College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (Y.Z.); (T.S.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (J.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaowu Yang
- College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (Y.Z.); (T.S.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (J.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Junmin Du
- Hebei Tangshan High Resolution Earth Observation System Data and Application Center, Tangshan 063210, China; (J.F.); (J.D.)
- Aerospace Wanyuan Cloud Data Hebei Co., Ltd., Tangshan 063300, China
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Abstract
The Tien Shan is regarded as the “Water tower of Central Asia,” being a solid reservoir of freshwater resources and also a natural and early warning indicator of climate change. Research on glaciers is important for the sustainable development and management of water resources in Central Asia. This study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of glaciers in the northern Tien Shan from 1990 to 2015 using multi-source remote sensing and meteorological data. The results showed that the total area and volume of glaciers in the northern Tien Shan exhibited negative trends, decreasing by 456.43 km2 (16.08%) and 26.14 km3 (16.38%), respectively. The reduction in the total glacier area exhibited an accelerating trend, decreasing by 0.60%/a before 2000, but by 0.71%/a after 2000. Glaciers in the outer northern Tien Shan region, with areas < 2 km2 showed the greatest shrinkage, especially those in the northeastern and southwestern regions. All aspects in the northern Tien Shan exhibited negative trends in the glacier area, especially in the east–west aspects (shrinkage of 24.74–38.37%). Regarding altitude, the termini of glaciers rose continuously from 1990 to 2015, particularly for glaciers below 3700 m, with a total area decrease of 30.37%, and the lower altitude of the glaciers showed a higher area decrease.
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Abstract
There is consistent evidence of vegetation greening in Central Asia over the past four decades. However, in the early 1990s, the greening temporarily stagnated and even for a time reversed. In this study, we evaluate changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) based on the long-term satellite-derived remote sensing data systems of the Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI from 1981 to 2013 and MODIS NDVI from 2000 to 2020 to determine whether the vegetation in Central Asia has browned. Our findings indicate that the seasonal sequence of NDVI is summer > spring > autumn > winter, and the spatial distribution pattern is a semicircular distribution, with the Aral Sea Basin as its core and an upward tendency from inside to outside. Around the mid-1990s, the region’s vegetation experienced two climatic environments with opposing trends (cold and wet; dry and hot). Prior to 1994, NDVI increased substantially throughout the growth phase (April–October), but this trend reversed after 1994, when vegetation began to brown. Our findings suggest that changes in vegetation NDVI are linked to climate change induced by increased CO2. The state of water deficit caused by temperature changes is a major cause of the browning turning point across the study area. At the same time, changes in vegetation NDVI were consistent with changes in drought degree (PDSI). This research is relevant for monitoring vegetation NDVI and carbon neutralization in Central Asian ecosystems.
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