Recent Advancements in MOF/Biomass and Bio-MOF Multifunctional Materials: A Review

Harnessing curcumin in a multifunctional biodegradable metal-organic framework (bio-MOF) for targeted colorectal cancer theranostics

Despite significant advancements in managing colorectal cancer (CRC), the issues of efficient diagnosis and targeted therapy remain demanding. To address these challenges and improve treatment outcomes while reducing the cost and side effects, there is a need for more effective theranostic systems that combine diagnostic techniques with therapeutic modalities. This study introduces a pioneering approach for the synthesis of a porous bio-MOF (biodegradable metal-organic framework) using iron as the metal component and curcumin as the pharmaceutical ingredient. Subsequently, the developed drug delivery system was equipped with the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX), coated with biocompatible polyethylene glycol (PEG), and targeted with a CRC-specific aptamer (EpCAM). The physicochemical characterization confirmed the successful synthesis of the bio-MOF, demonstrating high encapsulation efficiency and pH-dependent release of DOX. In vitro studies for anticancer activity, cellular uptake, and mechanism of cell death demonstrated that in the case of positive EpCAM HT-29 cells, Apt-PEG-MOF@DOX had enhanced internalization that resulted in massive apoptosis. In vivo studies of the nanoparticles were then conducted in immunocompromised C57BL/6 mice bearing HT-29 tumors. These studies showed that the targeted platform could induce efficient tumor regression with reduced systemic toxicity. The targeted bio-MOF also exhibited MRI imaging properties useful for monitoring tumors. Significantly, the biocompatibility of the introduced bio-MOF was enhanced by pursuing the green synthesis method, which does not engage toxic solvents and strong acids. Overall, this multimodal system acts diversely as a tumor imaging agent and a therapeutic delivery platform suitable for CRC theranostics.

Advances in Functionalized Biocomposites of Living Cells Combined with Metal-Organic Frameworks

Motivated by the remarkable innate characteristics of cells in living organisms, we have found that hybrid materials that combine bioorganisms with nanomaterials have significantly propelled advancements in industrial applications. However, the practical deployment of unmodified living entities is inherently limited due to their sensitivity to environmental fluctuations. To surmount these challenges, an efficacious strategy for the biomimetic mineralization of living organisms with nanomaterials has emerged, demonstrating extraordinary potential in biotechnology. Among them, innovative composites have been engineered by enveloping bioorganisms with a metal-organic framework (MOF) coating. This review systematically summarizes the latest developments in living cells/MOF-based composites, detailing the methodologies employed in structure fabrication and their diverse applications, such as bioentity preservation, sensing, catalysis, photoluminescence, and drug delivery. Moreover, the synergistic benefits arising from the individual compounds are elucidated. This review aspires to illuminate new prospects for fabricating living cells/MOF composites and concludes with a perspective on the prevailing challenges and impending opportunities for future research in this field.

Novel Cu(II)-based metal-organic framework STAM-1 as a sulfur host for Li-S batteries

Due to the increasing demand for energy storage devices, the development of high-energy density batteries is very necessary. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have gained wide interest due to their particularly high-energy density. However, even this type of battery still needs to be improved. Novel Cu(II)-based metal-organic framework STAM-1 was synthesized and applied as a composite cathode material as a sulfur host in the lithium-sulfur battery with the aim of regulating the redox kinetics of sulfur cathodes. Prepared STAM-1 was characterized by infrared spectroscopy at ambient temperature and after in-situ heating, elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and textural properties by nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption at - 196 and 0 °C, respectively. Results of the SEM showed that crystals of STAM-1 created a flake-like structure, the surface was uniform and porous enough for electrolyte and sulfur infiltration. Subsequently, STAM-1 was used as a sulfur carrier in the cathode construction of a Li-S battery. The charge/discharge measurements of the novel S/STAM-1/Super P/PVDF cathode demonstrated the initial discharge capacity of 452 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C and after 100 cycles of 430 mAh g-1, with Coulombic efficiency of 97% during the whole cycling procedure at 0.5 C. It was confirmed that novel Cu-based STAM-1 flakes could accelerate the conversion of sulfur species in the cathode material.

Progress in the Elimination of Organic Contaminants in Wastewater by Activation Persulfate over Iron-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks

The release of organic contaminants has grown to be a major environmental concern and a threat to the ecology of water bodies. Persulfate-based Advanced Oxidation Technology (PAOT) is effective at eliminating hazardous pollutants and has an extensive spectrum of applications. Iron-based metal-organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) and their derivatives have exhibited great advantages in activating persulfate for wastewater treatment. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of recent research progress on the significant potential of Fe-MOFs for removing antibiotics, organic dyes, phenols, and other contaminants from aqueous environments. Firstly, multiple approaches for preparing Fe-MOFs, including the MIL and ZIF series were introduced. Subsequently, removal performance of pollutants such as antibiotics of sulfonamides and tetracyclines (TC), organic dyes of rhodamine B (RhB) and acid orange 7 (AO7), phenols of phenol and bisphenol A (BPA) by various Fe-MOFs was compared. Finally, different degradation mechanisms, encompassing free radical degradation pathways and non-free radical degradation pathways were elucidated. This review explores the synthesis methods of Fe-MOFs and their application in removing organic pollutants from water bodies, providing insights for further refining the preparation of Fe-MOFs.

Development of hybrid MIL-53(Al)@CBS for ternary adsorption of tetracyclines antibiotics in water: Physical interpretation of the adsorption mechanism

In this study, a hybrid material, MIL-53(Al)@CBS, was synthesized via the solvothermal method, involving the growth of MIL-53(Al) crystals on cocoa bean shell residues (CBS). Physicochemical characterization techniques, including TGA, BET, FTIR, XRD, and SEM, confirmed successful hybridization. MIL-53(Al)@CBS was employed as an adsorbent for antibiotics (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline) separation from aqueous solutions. Parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, concentration, time, and temperature were systematically evaluated. FTIR revealed π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds between tetracyclines and the adsorbent. MIL-53(Al)@CBS exhibited adsorption, with removal rates up to 98.92%, 99.04%, and 98.24% for OTC, TC, and CTC, respectively. Kinetics suggested adsorption depends on active site availability, with TC adsorbing fastest. Microscopic models showed adsorption on three distinct active site types with different affinities without competition or adherence to the Langmuir hypothesis. Importantly, MIL-53(Al)@CBS maintained high adsorption capacity even after ten washing cycles, highlighting its potential for water treatment.

Biomedical application of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in cancer therapy: Stimuli-responsive and biomimetic nanocomposites in targeted delivery, phototherapy and diagnosis

The nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that has become a hot topic in cancer therapy. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials and hybrid composites consisted of organic linkers and metal cations. Despite the wide application of MOFs in other fields, the potential of MOFs for purpose of cancer therapy has been revealed by the recent studies. High surface area and porosity, significant drug loading and encapsulation efficiency are among the benefits of using MOFs in drug delivery. MOFs can deliver genes/drugs with selective targeting of tumor cells that can be achieved through functionalization with ligands. The photosensitizers and photo-responsive nanostructures including carbon dots and gold nanoparticles can be loaded in/on MOFs to cause phototherapy-mediated tumor ablation. The immunogenic cell death induction and increased infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ and CD4+ T cells can be accelerated by MOF platforms in providing immunotherapy of tumor cells. The stimuli-responsive MOF platforms responsive to pH, redox, enzyme and ion can accelerate release of therapeutics in tumor site. Moreover, MOF nanocomposites can be modified ligands and green polymers to improve their selectivity and biocompatibility for cancer therapy. The application of MOFs for the detection of cancer-related biomarkers can participate in the early diagnosis of patients.

Phosphorus removal from water by the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based adsorbents: A review for structure, mechanism, and current progress

Efficacious phosphate removal is essential for mitigating eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems and complying with increasingly stringent phosphate emission regulations. Chemical adsorption, characterized by simplicity, prominent treatment efficiency, and convenient recovery, is extensively employed for profound phosphorus removal. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived metal/carbon composites, surpassing the limitations of separate components, exhibit synergistic effects, rendering them tremendously promising for environmental remediation. This comprehensive review systematically summarizes MOFs-based materials' properties and their structure-property relationships tailored for phosphate adsorption, thereby enhancing specificity towards phosphate. Furthermore, it elucidates the primary mechanisms influencing phosphate adsorption by MOFs-based composites. Additionally, the review introduces strategies for designing and synthesizing efficacious phosphorus capture and regeneration materials. Lastly, it discusses and illuminates future research challenges and prospects in this field. This summary provides novel insights for future research on superlative MOFs-based adsorbents for phosphate removal.

Nanoarchitectonics Design Strategy of Metal-Organic Framework and Bio-Metal-Organic Framework Composites for Advanced Wastewater Treatment through Adsorption

Freshwater depletion is an alarm for finding an eco-friendly solution to treat wastewater for drinking and domestic applications. Though several methods like chlorination, filtration, and coagulation-sedimentation are conventionally employed for water treatment, these methods need to be improved as they are not environmentally friendly, rely on chemicals, and are ineffective for all kinds of pollutants. These problems can be addressed by employing an alternative solution that is effective for efficient water treatment and favors commercial aspects. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), an emerging porous material, possess high stability, pore size tunability, greater surface area, and active sites. These MOFs can be tailored; thus, they can be customized according to the target pollutant. Hence, MOFs can be employed as adsorbents that effectively target different pollutants. Bio-MOFs are a kind of MOFs that are incorporated with biomolecules, which also possess properties of MOFs and are used as a nontoxic adsorbent. In this review, we elaborate on the interaction between MOFs and target pollutants, the role of linkers in the adsorption of contaminants, tailoring strategy that can be employed on MOFs and Bio-MOFs to target specific pollutants, and we also highlight the effect of environmental matrices on adsorption of pollutants by MOFs.

Trajectory in biological metal-organic frameworks: Biosensing and sustainable strategies-perspectives and challenges

The ligand attribute of biomolecules to form coordination bonds with metal ions led to the discovery of a novel class of materials called biomolecule-associated metal-organic frameworks (Bio-MOFs). These biomolecules coordinate in multiple ways and provide versatile applications. Far-spread bio-ligands include nucleobases, amino acids, peptides, cyclodextrins, saccharides, porphyrins/metalloporphyrin, proteins, etc. Low-toxicity, self-assembly, stability, designable and selectable porous size, the existence of rigid and flexible forms, bio-compatibility, and synergistic interactions between metal ions have led Bio-MOFs to be commercialized in industries such as sensors, food, pharma, and eco-sensing. The rapid growth and commercialization are stunted by absolute bio-compatibility issues, bulk morphology that makes it rigid to alter shape/porosity, longer reaction times, and inadequate research. This review elucidates the structural vitality, biocompatibility issues, and vital sensing applications, including challenges for incorporating bio-ligands into MOF. Critical innovations in Bio-MOFs' applicative spectrum, including sustainable food packaging, biosensing, insulin and phosphoprotein detection, gas sensing, CO2 capture, pesticide carriers, toxicant adsorptions, etc., have been elucidated. Emphasis is placed on biosensing and biomedical applications with biomimetic catalysis and sensitive sensor designing.

NiGA MOF-based dispersive micro solid phase extraction coupled to temperature-assisted evaporation using low boiling point solvents for the extraction and preconcentration of butylated hydroxytoluene and some phthalate and adipate esters

The first-ever attempt to apply nickel gallic acid metal-organic framework (NiGA MOF) in analytical method development was done in this research by the extraction of some plasticizers from aqueous media. The greenness of the method is owing to the use of gallic acid and nickel as safe reagents and water as the safest solvent. Low boiling point solvents were applied as desorption solvents that underwent temperature-assisted evaporation in the preconcentration step. Performing the evaporation using a low-temperature water bath for a short period of time streamlines the preconcentration section. Into the solution of interest enriched with sodium sulfate, a mg amount of NiGA MOF was added alongside vortexing to extract the analytes. Following centrifugation and discarding the supernatant, a μL level of diethyl ether was added onto the analyte-loaded NiGA MOF particles and vortexed. The analyte-enriched diethyl ether phase was transferred into a conical bottom glass test tube and located in a water bath set at the temperature of 35 °C under a laboratory hood. After the evaporation, a μL level of 1,2-dibromoethane was added to the test tube and vortexed to dissolve the analytes from the inner perimeter of the tube. One microliter of the organic phase was injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detection. Appreciable extraction recoveries (61-98%), high enrichment factors (305-490), low limits of detection (0.80-1.74 μg L-1) and quantification (2.64-5.74 μg L-1), and wide linear ranges (5.74-1000 μg L-1) were obtained at the optimum conditions.

Gasoil removal from aqueous solution using magnetic metal-organic framework adsorbent based on the cellulosic fibrous of Prosopis farcta plant

Recently, the leakage of Gasoil and other petroleum substances into the seas, surface water, and wastewater has become a global problem; therefore, providing a solution to remove these pollutants seems vital. In the current research, we investigated the removal of floating Gasoil from aqueous solutions. First, the magnetic metal-organic framework was prepared as a new adsorbent based on the cellulosic fibrous of the Prosopis farcta plant (magnetic- cellulose@MIL-53(Fe) carbon aerogel). Using design of experiment, the effect of parameters pH, Gasoil concentration, and adsorbent weight on Gasoil removal were investigated. The adsorbent prepared under optimal parameters can remove 100% floating Gasoil from the aqueous solution. The adsorption capacity of the magnetic- cellulose@MIL-53 (Fe) carbon aerogel is 7.48 g.g-1, which is almost 100 times more than other Fe-based adsorbents. The study of the effect of time showed that the adsorption of Gasoil by the adsorbent is not dependent on time. Gasoil adsorption on magnetic- cellulose@MIL-53(Fe) carbon aerogel follows the Freundlich isotherm with a correlation coefficient of 0.9933. Thermodynamic factors Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes have been calculated. Accordingly, magnetic- cellulose @MIL-53(Fe) carbon aerogel has rapid separation and high stability, and it could be used as a good adsorbent to remove Gasoil from an aqueous solution. With good cycling stability of 86% retention of the initial adsorption value after ten adsorption/desorption cycles.

Overview on recent advances of magnetic metal-organic framework (MMOF) composites in removal of heavy metals from aqueous system

Developing a novel, simple, and cost-effective analytical technique with high enrichment capacity and selectivity is crucial for environmental monitoring and remediation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous coordination polymers that are self-assembly synthesized from organic linkers and inorganic metal ions/metal clusters. Magnetic metal-organic framework (MMOF) composites are promising candidate among the new-generation sorbent materials available for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of environmental contaminants due to their superparamagnetism properties, high crystallinity, permanent porosity, ultrahigh specific surface area, adaptable pore shape/sizes, tunable functionality, designable framework topology, rapid and ultrahigh adsorption capacity, and reusability. In this review, we focus on recent scientific progress in the removal of heavy metal ions present in contaminated aquatic system by using MMOF composites. Different types of MMOFs, their synthetic approaches, and various properties that are harnessed for removal of heavy metal ions from contaminated water are discussed briefly. Adsorption mechanisms involved, adsorption capacity, and regeneration of the MMOF sorbents as well as recovery of heavy metal ions adsorbed that are reported in the last ten years have been discussed in this review. Moreover, particular prospects, challenges, and opportunities in future development of MMOFs towards their greener synthetic approaches for their practical industrial applications have critically been considered in this review.

Advances in Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs) based Biosensors for Diagnosis: An Update

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have significant advantages over other candidate classes of chemo-sensory materials owing to their extraordinary structural tunability and characteristics. MOF-based biosensing is a simple and convenient method for identifying various species. Biomarkers are molecular or cellular processes that link environmental exposure to a health outcome. Biomarkers are important in understanding the links between environmental chemical exposure and the development of chronic diseases, as well as in identifying disease-prone subgroups. Until now, several species, including nanoparticles (NPs) and their nanocomposites, small molecules, and unique complex systems, have been used for the chemical sensing of biomarkers. Following the overview of the field, we discussed the various fabrication methods for MOFs development in this review. We provide a thorough overview of the previous five years of progress to broaden the scope of analytes for future research. Several enzymatic and non-enzymatic sensors are offered, together with a mandatory measuring method that includes detection range and dynamic range. In addition, we reviewed the comparison of enzymatic and non-enzymatic biosensors, inventive edges, and the difficulties that need to be solved. This work might open up new possibilities for material production, sensor development, medical diagnostics, and other sensing fields.