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Khorramifar A, Karami H, Lvova L, Kolouri A, Łazuka E, Piłat-Rożek M, Łagód G, Ramos J, Lozano J, Kaveh M, Darvishi Y. Environmental Engineering Applications of Electronic Nose Systems Based on MOX Gas Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5716. [PMID: 37420880 PMCID: PMC10300923 DOI: 10.3390/s23125716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the electronic nose (e-nose) has gained a huge amount of attention due to its ability to detect and differentiate mixtures of various gases and odors using a limited number of sensors. Its applications in the environmental fields include analysis of the parameters for environmental control, process control, and confirming the efficiency of the odor-control systems. The e-nose has been developed by mimicking the olfactory system of mammals. This paper investigates e-noses and their sensors for the detection of environmental contaminants. Among different types of gas chemical sensors, metal oxide semiconductor sensors (MOXs) can be used for the detection of volatile compounds in air at ppm and sub-ppm levels. In this regard, the advantages and disadvantages of MOX sensors and the solutions to solve the problems arising upon these sensors' applications are addressed, and the research works in the field of environmental contamination monitoring are overviewed. These studies have revealed the suitability of e-noses for most of the reported applications, especially when the tools were specifically developed for that application, e.g., in the facilities of water and wastewater management systems. As a general rule, the literature review discusses the aspects related to various applications as well as the development of effective solutions. However, the main limitation in the expansion of the use of e-noses as an environmental monitoring tool is their complexity and lack of specific standards, which can be corrected through appropriate data processing methods applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khorramifar
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199, Iran; (A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Hamed Karami
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Knowledge University, Erbil 44001, Iraq;
| | - Larisa Lvova
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alireza Kolouri
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199, Iran; (A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Ewa Łazuka
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Technology Fundamentals, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland; (E.Ł.); (M.P.-R.)
| | - Magdalena Piłat-Rożek
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Technology Fundamentals, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland; (E.Ł.); (M.P.-R.)
| | - Grzegorz Łagód
- Department of Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jose Ramos
- College of Computing and Engineering, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314-7796, USA;
| | - Jesús Lozano
- Department of Electric Technology, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, Avda. De Elvas S/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Mohammad Kaveh
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Knowledge University, Erbil 44001, Iraq;
| | - Yousef Darvishi
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 113654117, Iran;
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