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Sun J, Wang X, Song Q, Li R, Xie J, Yang X, Cai L, Wang Z, Zhao C, Zhang X. Fingerprint characteristics of refined oils and their traceability in the groundwater environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 333:138868. [PMID: 37160170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical fingerprinting is essential for identifying the presence and responding to oil spills that frequently contaminate the groundwater environment of refineries. In this study, crude oil and oil products from the atmospheric and vacuum distillation units of a refinery were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to evaluate their chemical variability before and after refinery. A series of experiments involving evaporation and soil column penetration were conducted to simulate refined oil spilling into groundwater and determine appropriate characteristic ratios (CRs) for principal component analysis (PCA) for oil source identification. The simulated study demonstrated that all products had bell-shaped n-alkane distributions, with dominant peaks that remained unchanged or shifted towards longer chain lengths compared to the source oil. Similarly, naphthalene and dibenzothiophene series remained the main PAH components like the source oil. Ten relatively stable CRs were selected for PCA to identify different oil products through the simulated experiments. The chosen CRs were then utilized to identify the sources for two groundwater oil spills recently occurred, one that occurred in an oil depot area, and another near a continuous catalytic reforming unit in a refinery. This study showed that the components with long-chain n-alkanes (n ≥ C18), pristane, phytane, and phenanthrene and dibenzothiophene series PAHs played an important role in the identification of refined oil products spilling into the groundwater environment. The selected CRs provide an effective tool for rapid and accurate identification of oil spills, especially for newly occurring spills in the groundwater environment, which can aid in developing appropriate response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao, 266580, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Quanwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, 102206, China; CNPC Safety and Environmental Protection Technology Research Institute, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ran Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Jiacai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, 102206, China; CNPC Safety and Environmental Protection Technology Research Institute, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Liuping Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Chaocheng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Xiuxia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao, 266580, China
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da Costa JS, Bertizzolo EG, Bianchini D, Fajardo AR. Adsorption of benzene and toluene from aqueous solution using a composite hydrogel of alginate-grafted with mesoporous silica. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126405. [PMID: 34351297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are often claimed as optimal adsorbents for water treatment; however, their efficiency towards the removal of hydrophobic pollutants is still limited. As an alternative, hydrogels prepared from polymers functionalized with siliceous materials can overcome this issue. Here, a composite hydrogel (denoted as GEL-SBA15) was prepared using alginate grafted with mesoporous silica (SBA15) and poly(vinyl alcohol) for benzene and toluene adsorption from aqueous solutions. Adsorption studies demonstrated that a low dosage of GEL-SBA15 (10 mg) has a high adsorption capacity for benzene (1482.8 mg/g) and toluene (596.6 mg/g) under mild experimental conditions (pH 7.0, at 25 °C). Besides, the adsorption capacities of GEL-SBA15 for both pollutants were enhanced compared to the conventional hydrogel. Kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption of benzene and toluene follows a pseudo-second order model, while the experimental adsorption data were well-fitted by the Freundlich isotherm. According to this isotherm, the adsorption occurs via a collaborative process, and weak physical forces (π-π interactions, van der Waals and hydrophobic) are involved. Hence, the post-utilized GEL-SBA15 can be recycled and reused up to 6 times without losing adsorption performance. Although hydrogels are not common adsorbents for aromatic hydrocarbons, the results reported here rank GEL-SBA15 as a promising adsorbent for the removal of these pollutants from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliê S da Costa
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Compósitos e Materiais Poliméricos (LaCoPol), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Emanuel G Bertizzolo
- Laboratório de Sólidos Inorgânicos (Lasir), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Bianchini
- Laboratório de Sólidos Inorgânicos (Lasir), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - André R Fajardo
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Compósitos e Materiais Poliméricos (LaCoPol), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Effects of a Fuel-Resistant Modifier on the High-Temperature Characteristics of Asphalt Binders. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To effectively evaluate the high-temperature characteristics of a fuel-resistant modified asphalt (FRMA), five different types of asphalt were selected, and a fuel-resistant modifier (FRM) was added to the asphalt to prepare five kinds of FRMA, and the fuel resistance of the 10 above-mentioned asphalt samples was then evaluated. Moreover, the high-temperature performance of different asphalt samples was explored, the influences of the FRM on the penetration, softening point, and rheological indexes of the different asphalt samples were analyzed. A Pearson correlation analysis was conducted on the different high-temperature indexes. Based on the results, compared with the original asphalt, the fuel resistance of the FRMA was improved by about 22% on average; the FRM was able to reduce the penetration, phase angle, and non-recoverable creep compliance of the asphalt; increase the softening point, complex modulus, rutting factors, and creep recovery; and effectively improve the high-temperature performance of the asphalt. However, as the temperature increased, the effect of the FRM on the improvement of the high-temperature performance of the asphalt declined. In addition, compared with the base asphalt, the FRM exerted a more significant effect on the rheological properties of the modified asphalt. According to the Pearson correlation analysis of the high-temperature indexes, apart from penetration, the softening point and rheological indexes featured excellent accuracy and applicability in the evaluation of the high-temperature performance of FRMAs.
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Hsieh PY, Shearston JA, Hilpert M. Benzene emissions from gas station clusters: a new framework for estimating lifetime cancer risk. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:273-283. [PMID: 34150235 PMCID: PMC8172828 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00601-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE During gas station operation, unburned fuel can be released to the environment through distribution, delivery, and storage. Due to the toxicity of fuel compounds, setback distances have been implemented to protect the general population. However, these distances treat gasoline sales volume as a categorical variable and only account for the presence of a single gas station and not clusters, which frequently occur. This paper introduces a framework for recommending setback distances for gas station clusters based on estimated lifetime cancer risk from benzene exposure. METHODS Using the air quality dispersion model AERMOD, we simulated levels of benzene released to the atmosphere from single and clusters of generic gas stations and the associated lifetime cancer risk under meteorological conditions representative of Albany, New York. RESULTS Cancer risk as a function of distance from gas station(s) and as a continuous function of total sales volume can be estimated from an equation we developed. We found that clusters of gas stations have increased cancer risk compared to a single station because of cumulative emissions from the individual gas stations. For instance, the cancer risk at 40 m for four gas stations each dispensing 1 million gal/year is 9.84 × 10-6 compared to 2.45 × 10-6 for one gas station. CONCLUSION The framework we developed for estimating cancer risk from gas station(s) could be adopted by regulatory agencies to make setback distances a function of sales volume and the number of gas stations in a cluster, rather than on a sales volume category. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-020-00601-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yang Hsieh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Jenni A. Shearston
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Markus Hilpert
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032 USA
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Hilpert M, Rule AM, Adria-Mora B, Tiberi T. Vent pipe emissions from storage tanks at gas stations: Implications for setback distances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:2239-2250. [PMID: 30292117 PMCID: PMC7059886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
At gas stations, fuel vapors are released into the atmosphere from storage tanks through vent pipes. Little is known about when releases occur, their magnitude, and their potential health consequences. Our goals were to quantify vent pipe releases and examine exceedance of short-term exposure limits to benzene around gas stations. At two US gas stations, we measured volumetric vent pipe flow rates and pressure in the storage tank headspace at high temporal resolution for approximately three weeks. Based on the measured vent emission and meteorological data, we performed air dispersion modeling to obtain hourly atmospheric benzene levels. For the two gas stations, average vent emission factors were 0.17 and 0.21 kg of gasoline per 1000 L dispensed. Modeling suggests that at one gas station, a 1-hour Reference Exposure Level (REL) for benzene for the general population (8 ppb) was exceeded only closer than 50 m from the station's center. At the other gas station, the REL was exceeded on two different days and up to 160 m from the center, likely due to non-compliant bulk fuel deliveries. A minimum risk level for intermediate duration (>14-364 days) benzene exposure (6 ppb) was exceeded at the elevation of the vent pipe opening up to 7 and 8 m from the two gas stations. Recorded vent emission factors were >10 times higher than estimates used to derive setback distances for gas stations. Setback distances should be revisited to address temporal variability and pollution controls in vent emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hilpert
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America.
| | - Ana Maria Rule
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America
| | - Bernat Adria-Mora
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Tedmund Tiberi
- ARID Technologies, Inc., Wheaton, IL 60187, United States of America
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