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Lee K, Gilberti D, Yom C, Meza J, Stewart J, Lee M, Alvarez J, Hart A, Zheng J, Xing Y. Synthetic Electrochemistry Enabled Esterification via Oxidative Mesolytic Cleavage of Alkoxyamines. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37367637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Stable benzylic carbocations were generated via mesolytic cleavage of TEMPO-derived alkoxyamines, which was realized by electrochemical oxidation. This strategy provided an efficient and unique approach to access stabilized carbocations under mild conditions. Esterification of benzylic carbocations using carboxylic acid produced a variety of benzylic esters with a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Rd, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Dante Gilberti
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Rd, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Clairissa Yom
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Rd, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Jacob Meza
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Rd, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Jamere Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Rd, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Michael Lee
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Rd, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - Justin Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, United States
| | - Abigail Hart
- Department of Chemistry, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, United States
| | - Justin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, United States
| | - Yalan Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, United States
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Prakash N, Rajeev R, John A, Vijayan A, George L, Varghese A. 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO) Radical Mediated Electro‐Oxidation Reactions: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishitha Prakash
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - Rijo Rajeev
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - Anjali John
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - Ajesh Vijayan
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - Louis George
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
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Zhang L, Yang X, Li S, Zhang J. Functionalized Silicon Electrodes Toward Electrostatic Catalysis. Front Chem 2021; 9:715647. [PMID: 34386481 PMCID: PMC8353247 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.715647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oriented external electric fields are now emerging as "smart effectors" of chemical changes. The key challenges in experimentally studying electrostatic catalysis are (i) controlling the orientation of fields along the reaction axis and (ii) finely adjusting the magnitudes of electrostatic stimuli. Surface models provide a versatile platform for addressing the direction of electric fields with respect to reactants and balancing the trade-off between the solubility of charged species and the intensity of electric fields. In this mini-review, we present the recent advances that have been investigated of the electrostatic effect on the chemical reaction on the monolayer-functionalized silicon surfaces. We mainly focus on elucidating the mediator/catalysis role of static electric fields induced from either solid/liquid electric double layers at electrode/electrolyte interfaces or space charges in the semiconductors, indicating the electrostatic aspects is of great significance in the semiconductor electrochemistry, redox electroactivity, and chemical bonding. Herein, the functionalization of silicon surfaces allows scientists to explore electrostatic catalysis from nanoscale to mesoscale; most importantly, it provides glimpses of the wide-ranging potentials of oriented electric fields for switching on/off the macroscale synthetic organic electrochemistry and living radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Foshan (Southern China) Institute for New Materials, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - JianMing Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Murphy RB, Johnston MR. A temperature switchable pyridyl-zinc(II) side arm porphyrin with functionality for surface immobilisation. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A pyridyl side arm porphyrin incorporating C[Formula: see text] alkyl chains at the periphery of the porphyrin suitable for surface immobilisation on HOPG has been synthesised and tested for two state switching in solution. Temperature switching, involving reversible complexation of a covalently appended pyridyl side arm to the Zn(II) porphyrin, was comprehensively characterised by using variable temperature 1H NMR (-30 to +100[Formula: see text]C) and UV-vis (10 to 90[Formula: see text]C) in toluene. Molecular modelling assisted in understanding strain within the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys B. Murphy
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia
- Current address: Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Martin R. Johnston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia
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Zhang L, Ciampi S, Gooding JJ. Electrostatic Regulation of TEMPO Oxidation by Distal Molecular Charges. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- School of Chemistry, The Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Bio-Nano Science and TechnologyThe University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and InterfacesCurtin University Bentley, Western Australia 6102 Australia
| | - J. Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, The Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Bio-Nano Science and TechnologyThe University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales 2052 Australia
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Rogers FJM, Norcott PL, Coote ML. Recent advances in the chemistry of benzo[e][1,2,4]triazinyl radicals. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8255-8277. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01394c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[e][1,2,4]triazinyl, or Blatter radicals, are stable free radicals with customisable magnetic, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, and wide-ranging applications in synthesis and functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus J. M. Rogers
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Philip L. Norcott
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
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Norcott PL, Hammill CL, Noble BB, Robertson JC, Olding A, Bissember AC, Coote ML. TEMPO-Me: An Electrochemically Activated Methylating Agent. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15450-15455. [PMID: 31483627 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bench- and air-stable 1-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMPO-Me) is relatively unreactive at ambient temperature in the absence of an electrochemical stimulus. In this report, we demonstrate that the one-electron electrochemical oxidation of TEMPO-Me produces a powerful electrophilic methylating agent in situ. Our computational and experimental studies are consistent with methylation proceeding via a SN2 mechanism, with a strength comparable to the trimethyloxonium cation. A protocol is developed for the electrochemical methylation of aromatic acids using TEMPO-Me.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Norcott
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science & Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory 2601 , Australia
| | - Chelsey L Hammill
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science & Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory 2601 , Australia
| | - Benjamin B Noble
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science & Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory 2601 , Australia
| | - Johnathon C Robertson
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania 7001 , Australia
| | - Angus Olding
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania 7001 , Australia
| | - Alex C Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania 7001 , Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science & Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory 2601 , Australia
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Robertson JC, Coote ML, Bissember AC. Synthetic applications of light, electricity, mechanical force and flow. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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