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Osadchuk I, Luts HE, Zahharova A, Tamm T, Borovkov V. Controlling Chirogenic Effects in Porphyrin Based Supramolecular Systems: Theoretical Analysis Versus Experimental Observations. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400104. [PMID: 38693766 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy is a widely employed method for studying chiral analysis, requiring the presence of a chromophore close to a chiral centre. Porphyrinoids are found to be one of the best chromophoric systems serving for this purpose and enabling the application of ECD spectroscopy for chirality determination across diverse classes of organic compounds. Consequently, it is crucial to understand the induction mechanisms of ECD in the porphyrin-based complexes. The present study explores systematically the influence of secondary chromophores, bonded to an achiral zinc porphyrin or to chiral guest molecules, on the B-region of ECD spectra using the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The study analyses the impact of change in both the conformation of achiral porphyrin (host) and change in position and conformation of chiral organic molecule (guest) on the B-band of ECD spectra (energy, intensity, sign of Cotton effect). Finally, conclusions made on model complexes are applied to published experimental data, contributing to a deeper understanding of various factors influencing ECD spectra in chiral systems. In addition, a computer program aimed to help rationalise ECD spectra by visualizing corresponding orbital energies, rotatory strengths, electric and magnetic transition moments, and angles between them, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Osadchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Hanna-Eliisa Luts
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Aleksandra Zahharova
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Toomas Tamm
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Victor Borovkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
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Séjourné S, Labrunie A, Dalinot C, Canevet D, Guechaichia R, Bou Zeid J, Benchohra A, Cauchy T, Brosseau A, Allain M, Chamignon C, Viger-Gravel J, Pintacuda G, Carré V, Aubriet F, Vanthuyne N, Sallé M, Goeb S. Chiral Truxene-Based Self-Assembled Cages: Triple Interlocking and Supramolecular Chirogenesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400961. [PMID: 38284742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Incorporating chiral elements in host-guest systems currently attracts much attention because of the major impact such structures may have in a wide range of applications, from pharmaceuticals to materials science and beyond. Moreover, the development of multi-responsive and -functional systems is highly desirable since they offer numerous benefits. In this context, we describe herein the construction of a metal-driven self-assembled cage that associates a chiral truxene-based ligand and a bis-ruthenium complex. The maximum separation between both facing chiral units in the assembly is fixed by the intermetallic distance within the lateral bis-ruthenium complex (8.4 Å). The resulting chiral cavity was shown to encapsulate polyaromatic guest molecules, but also to afford a chiral triply interlocked [2]catenane structure. The formation of the latter occurs at high concentration, while its disassembly could be achieved by the addition of a planar achiral molecule. Interestingly the planar achiral molecule exhibits induced circular dichroism signature when trapped within the chiral cavity, thus demonstrating the ability of the cage to induce supramolecular chirogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Séjourné
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | | | | | - David Canevet
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Cauchy
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | | | - Magali Allain
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Cécile Chamignon
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (UMR 5082 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jasmine Viger-Gravel
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (UMR 5082 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (UMR 5082 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Carré
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC, F-57000, Metz, France
| | | | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, FSCM, Chiropole, F-13397, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Sallé
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Goeb
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
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Osadchuk I, Luts HE, Norvaiša K, Borovkov V, Senge MO. Supramolecular Chirogenesis in a Sterically Hindered Porphyrin: A Critical Theoretical Analysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301408. [PMID: 37227167 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The determination of molecular stereochemistry and absolute configuration is an important part of modern chemistry, pharmacology, and biology. Electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy is a widely used tool for chirality assignment, especially with porphyrin macrocycles employed as reporter chromophores. However, the mechanisms of induced ECD in porphyrin complexes are yet to be comprehensively rationalized. In this work, the ECD spectra of a sterically hindered hexa-cationic porphyrin with two camphorsulfonic acids in dichloromethane and chloroform were experimentally measured and computationally analyzed. The influence of geometric factors such as the position of chiral guest molecules, distortion of the porphyrin macrocycle, and orientation of aromatic and non-aromatic peripheral substituents on the ECD spectra was theoretically studied. Various potential pitfalls, such as a lack of significant conformations and accidental agreement of experimental and simulated spectra, are considered and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Osadchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Hanna-Eliisa Luts
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02R590, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Victor Borovkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02R590, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenberg Str. 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Šakarašvili M, Ustrnul L, Suut E, Nallaparaju JV, Mishra KA, Konrad N, Adamson J, Borovkov V, Aav R. Self-Assembly of Chiral Cyclohexanohemicucurbit[n]urils with Bis(Zn Porphyrin): Size, Shape, and Time-Dependent Binding. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030937. [PMID: 35164200 PMCID: PMC8839860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the ability of bis(zinc octaethylporphyrin) (bis–ZnOEP) to discriminate cyclohexanohemicucurbit[n]urils (cycHC[n]) of different shapes and sizes, the self-assembly of barrel-shaped chiral cycHC[n] with bis–ZnOEP was studied by various spectroscopic methods (absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and NMR). While the binding of 6-membered cycHC[6] induced a tweezer-like conformation followed by the formation of anti-form of bis–ZnOEP upon further addition of cycHC[6], the interaction of 8-membered cycHC[8] is more complex and proceeds through the featured syn-to-anti conformational change of bis–ZnOEP and further intermolecular self-assembly via multiple noncovalent associations between cycHC[8] and bis–ZnOEP. Whilst bis–porphyrins are known to be effective chemical sensors able to differentiate various guests based on their chirality via induced CD, their ability to sense small differences in the shape and size of relatively large macrocycles, such as chiral cycHC[6] and cycHC[8], is scarcely examined. Both studied complexes exhibited characteristic induced CD signals in the region of porphyrin absorption upon complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Šakarašvili
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Lukas Ustrnul
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Elina Suut
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Jagadeesh Varma Nallaparaju
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Kamini A. Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Nele Konrad
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Jasper Adamson
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Victor Borovkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Riina Aav
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (R.A.)
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Drzewiecka-Matuszek A, Rutkowska-Zbik D. Application of TD-DFT Theory to Studying Porphyrinoid-Based Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:7176. [PMID: 34885763 PMCID: PMC8658767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An important focus for innovation in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is theoretical investigations. They employ mostly methods based on Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) to study the photochemical properties of photosensitizers. In the current article we review the existing state-of-the-art TD-DFT methods (and beyond) which are employed to study the properties of porphyrinoid-based systems. The review is organized in such a way that each paragraph is devoted to a separate aspect of the PDT mechanism, e.g., correct prediction of the absorption spectra, determination of the singlet-triplet intersystem crossing, and interaction with molecular oxygen. Aspects of the calculation schemes are discussed, such as the choice of the most suitable functional and inclusion of a solvent. Finally, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods used to explore the photochemistry of porphyrinoid-based systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Rutkowska-Zbik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
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Thiourea Organocatalysts as Emerging Chiral Pollutants: En Route to Porphyrin-Based (Chir)Optical Sensing. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution with chiral organic compounds is an emerging problem requiring innovative sensing methods. Amino-functionalized thioureas, such as 2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiourea (Takemoto’s catalyst), are widely used organocatalysts with virtually unknown environmental safety data. Ecotoxicity studies based on the Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition test reveal significant toxicity of Takemoto’s catalyst (EC50 = 7.9 mg/L) and its NH2-substituted analog (EC50 = 7.2–7.4 mg/L). The observed toxic effect was pronounced by the influence of the trifluoromethyl moiety. En route to the porphyrin-based chemosensing of Takemoto-type thioureas, their supramolecular binding to a series of zinc porphyrins was studied with UV-Vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, computational analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The association constant values generally increased with the increasing electron-withdrawing properties of the porphyrins and electron-donating ability of the thioureas, a result of the predominant Zn⋯N cation–dipole (Lewis acid–base) interaction. The binding event induced a CD signal in the Soret band region of the porphyrin hosts—a crucial property for chirality sensing of Takemoto-type thioureas.
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Abstract
Chirality is an inevitable property of our Universe, having an enormous impact in different fields, ranging from nuclear physics and astronomy to living organisms and human beings [...]
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