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Rakhmawan SA, Mahmood T, Abbas N, Riaz M. Unifying mortality forecasting model: an investigation of the COM-Poisson distribution in the GAS model for improved projections. LIFETIME DATA ANALYSIS 2024:10.1007/s10985-024-09634-x. [PMID: 39269542 DOI: 10.1007/s10985-024-09634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Forecasting mortality rates is crucial for evaluating life insurance company solvency, especially amid disruptions caused by phenomena like COVID-19. The Lee-Carter model is commonly employed in mortality modelling; however, extensions that can encompass count data with diverse distributions, such as the Generalized Autoregressive Score (GAS) model utilizing the COM-Poisson distribution, exhibit potential for enhancing time-to-event forecasting accuracy. Using mortality data from 29 countries, this research evaluates various distributions and determines that the COM-Poisson model surpasses the Poisson, binomial, and negative binomial distributions in forecasting mortality rates. The one-step forecasting capability of the GAS model offers distinct advantages, while the COM-Poisson distribution demonstrates enhanced flexibility and versatility by accommodating various distributions, including Poisson and negative binomial. Ultimately, the study determines that the COM-Poisson GAS model is an effective instrument for examining time series data on mortality rates, particularly when facing time-varying parameters and non-conventional data distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryo Adi Rakhmawan
- Department of Social Statistics, BPS-Statistics Indonesia, Jakarta, 10710, Indonesia
| | - Tahir Mahmood
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA12BE, UK.
| | - Nasir Abbas
- Department Mathematics, College of Computing and Mathematics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department Mathematics, College of Computing and Mathematics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Yeganeh A, Shongwe SC. A novel application of statistical process control charts in financial market surveillance with the idea of profile monitoring. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288627. [PMID: 37471396 PMCID: PMC10359006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation of statistical techniques in on-line surveillance of financial markets has been frequently studied more recently. As a novel approach, statistical control charts which are famous tools for monitoring industrial processes, have been applied in various financial applications in the last three decades. The aim of this study is to propose a novel application of control charts called profile monitoring in the surveillance of the cryptocurrency markets. In this way, a new control chart is proposed to monitor the price variation of a pair of two most famous cryptocurrencies i.e., Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH). Parameter estimation, tuning and sensitivity analysis are conducted assuming that the random explanatory variable follows a symmetric normal distribution. The triggered signals from the proposed method are interpreted to convert the BTC and ETH at proper times to increase their total value. Hence, the proposed method could be considered a financial indicator so that its signal can lead to a tangible increase of the pair of assets. The performance of the proposed method is investigated through different parameter adjustments and compared with some common technical indicators under a real data set. The results show the acceptable and superior performance of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yeganeh
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Sandile Charles Shongwe
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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3
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Detecting shifts in Conway–Maxwell–Poisson profile with deviance residual-based CUSUM and EWMA charts under multicollinearity. Stat Pap (Berl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00362-023-01399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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4
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Analysis of Traffic Accidents in Saudi Arabia: Safety Effectiveness Evaluation of SAHER Enforcement System. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Siddiqui AW, Arshad Raza S, Ather Elahi M, Shahid Minhas K, Muhammad Butt F. Temporal impacts of road safety interventions: A structural-shifts-based method for road accident mortality analysis. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2022; 174:106767. [PMID: 35792475 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extensive prior research has statistically analyzed the impact of infrastructural, policy, and environmental factors on road accidents, injuries, and mortalities. Most of these studies assumed long-term temporal stability in road safety data. These studies were later criticized for ignoring structural shifts in data over time caused by varying systemic influences such as socioeconomic and environmental factors, as well as major changes to road safety rules and networks. In this work, we proposed a novel four-phase methodology that identifies structural shifts or breaks in the road safety data and subsequently evaluates the role of various factors (including road safety interventions) in causing these breaks. The method is generalized, allowing different modeling bases and assumptions on the underlying data distribution. To demonstrate the merits of this methodology, we used it to investigate road accident mortality patterns in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia and its subregions for the period 2010-2020, when a series of road safety interventions were introduced. The case study analysis revealed the varying impact of these interventions at both the provincial and governorate levels. These results can be used to evaluate the efficacy of road safety interventions. The lessons learned can help to develop more robust road safety management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiq W Siddiqui
- College of Business Administration, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, PO Box 1982, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia; College of Business Administration, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Arshad Raza
- College of Business Administration, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Ather Elahi
- College of Business Administration, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Farhan Muhammad Butt
- Development Services, Lee County, Government Board of County Commissioners, Fort Myers, FL, USA
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6
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Ijaz M, Liu L, Almarhabi Y, Jamal A, Usman SM, Zahid M. Temporal Instability of Factors Affecting Injury Severity in Helmet-Wearing and Non-Helmet-Wearing Motorcycle Crashes: A Random Parameter Approach with Heterogeneity in Means and Variances. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10526. [PMID: 36078241 PMCID: PMC9518049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Not wearing a helmet, not properly strapping the helmet on, or wearing a substandard helmet increases the risk of fatalities and injuries in motorcycle crashes. This research examines the differences in motorcycle crash injury severity considering crashes involving the compliance with and defiance of helmet use by motorcycle riders and highlights the temporal variation in their impact. Three-year (2017-2019) motorcycle crash data were collected from RESCUE 1122, a provincial emergency response service for Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The available crash data include crash-specific information, vehicle, driver, spatial and temporal characteristics, roadway features, and traffic volume, which influence the motorcyclist's injury severity. A random parameters logit model with heterogeneity in means and variances was evaluated to predict critical contributory factors in helmet-wearing and non-helmet-wearing motorcyclist crashes. Model estimates suggest significant variations in the impact of explanatory variables on motorcyclists' injury severity in the case of compliance with and defiance of helmet use. For helmet-wearing motorcyclists, key factors significantly associated with increasingly severe injury and fatal injuries include young riders (below 20 years of age), female pillion riders, collisions with another motorcycle, large trucks, passenger car, drivers aged 50 years and above, and drivers being distracted while driving. In contrast, for non-helmet-wearing motorcyclists, the significant factors responsible for severe injuries and fatalities were distracted driving, the collision of two motorcycles, crashes at U-turns, weekday crashes, and drivers above 50 years of age. The impact of parameters that predict motorcyclist injury severity was found to vary dramatically over time, exhibiting statistically significant temporal instability. The results of this study can serve as potential motorcycle safety guidelines for all relevant stakeholders to improve the state of motorcycle safety in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ijaz
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Lan Liu
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yahya Almarhabi
- Center of Excellence in Trauma and Accidents, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Jamal
- Transportation and Traffic Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Muhammad Usman
- Department of Civil Engineering, CECOS University of I.T. & Emerging Sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- College of Metropolitan Transportation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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7
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Accident Frequency Prediction Model for Flat Rural Roads in Serbia. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Traffic accidents, by their nature, are random events; therefore, it is difficult to estimate the exact places and times of their occurrences and the true nature of their impacts. Although they are hard to precisely predict, preventative actions can be taken and their numbers (in a certain period) can be approximately predicted. In this study, we investigated the relationship between accident frequency and factors that affect accident frequency; we used accident data for events that occurred on a flat rural state road in Serbia. The analysis was conducted using five statistical models, i.e., Poisson, negative binomial, random effect negative binomial, zero-inflated Poisson, and zero-inflated negative binomial models. The results indicated that the random effect negative binomial model outperformed the other models in terms of goodness-of-fit measures; it was chosen as the accident prediction model for flat rural roads. Four explanatory variables—annual average daily traffic, segment length, number of horizontal curves, and access road density—were found to significantly affect accident frequency. The results of this research can help road authorities make decisions about interventions and investments in road networks, designing new roads, and reconstructing existing roads.
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Tak S, Choi S. Safety Monitoring System of CAVs Considering the Trade-Off between Sampling Interval and Data Reliability. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22103611. [PMID: 35632019 PMCID: PMC9147509 DOI: 10.3390/s22103611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The safety of urban transportation systems is considered a public health issue worldwide, and many researchers have contributed to improving it. Connected automated vehicles (CAVs) and cooperative intelligent transportation systems (C-ITSs) are considered solutions to ensure the safety of urban transportation systems using various sensors and communication devices. However, realizing a data flow framework, including data collection, data transmission, and data processing, in South Korea is challenging, as CAVs produce a massive amount of data every minute, which cannot be transmitted via existing communication networks. Thus, raw data must be sampled and transmitted to the server for further processing. The data acquired must be highly accurate to ensure the safety of the different agents in C-ITS. On the other hand, raw data must be reduced through sampling to ensure transmission using existing communication systems. Thus, in this study, C-ITS architecture and data flow are designed, including messages and protocols for the safety monitoring system of CAVs, and the optimal sampling interval determined for data transmission while considering the trade-off between communication efficiency and accuracy of the safety performance indicators. Three safety performance indicators were introduced: severe deceleration, lateral position variance, and inverse time to collision. A field test was conducted to collect data from various sensors installed in the CAV, determining the optimal sampling interval. In addition, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was conducted to ensure statistical consistency between the sampled and raw datasets. The effects of the sampling interval on message delay, data accuracy, and communication efficiency in terms of the data compression ratio were analyzed. Consequently, a sampling interval of 0.2 s is recommended for optimizing the system’s overall efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Tak
- Center for Connected and Automated Driving Research, Korea Transport Institute, 370 Sicheong-daero, Sejong 30147, Korea;
| | - Seongjin Choi
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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9
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On Enhanced GLM-Based Monitoring: An Application to Additive Manufacturing Process. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovations in technology assist the manufacturing processes in producing high-quality products and, hence, become a greater challenge for quality engineers. Control charts are frequently used to examine production operations and maintain product quality. The traditional charting structures rely on a response variable and do not incorporate any auxiliary data. To resolve this issue, one popular approach is to design charts based on a linear regression model, usually when the response variable shows a symmetric pattern (i.e., normality). The present work intends to propose new generalized linear model (GLM)-based homogeneously weighted moving average (HWMA) and double homogeneously weighted moving average (DHWMA) charting schemes to monitor count processes employing the deviance residuals (DRs) and standardized residuals (SRs) of the Poisson regression model. The symmetric limits of HWMA and DHWMA structures are derived, as SR and DR statistics showed a symmetric pattern. The performance of proposed and established methods (i.e., EWMA charts) is assessed by using run-length characteristics. The results revealed that SR-based schemes have relatively better performance as compared to DR-based schemes. In particular, the proposed SR-DHWMA chart outperforms the other two, namely SR-EWMA and SR-HWMA charts, in detecting shifts. To illustrate the practical features of the study’s proposal, a real application connected to the additive manufacturing process is offered.
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10
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Approximating Community Water System Service Areas to Explore the Demographics of SDWA Compliance in Virginia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413254. [PMID: 34948863 PMCID: PMC8706897 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the United States Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) theoretically ensures drinking water quality, recent studies have questioned the reliability and equity associated with community water system (CWS) service. This study aimed to identify SDWA violation differences (i.e., monitoring and reporting (MR) and health-based (HB)) between Virginia CWSs given associated service demographics, rurality, and system characteristics. A novel geospatial methodology delineated CWS service areas at the zip code scale to connect 2000 US Census demographics with 2006–2016 SDWA violations, with significant associations determined via negative binomial regression. The proportion of Black Americans within a service area was positively associated with the likelihood of HB violations. This effort supports the need for further investigation of racial and socioeconomic disparities in access to safe drinking water within the United States in particular and offers a geospatial strategy to explore demographics in other settings where data on infrastructure extents are limited. Further interdisciplinary efforts at multiple scales are necessary to identify the entwined causes for differential risks in adverse drinking water quality exposures and would be substantially strengthened by the mapping of official CWS service boundaries.
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11
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Al-Ahmadi HM, Jamal A, Ahmed T, Rahman MT, Reza I, Farooq D. Calibrating the Highway Safety Manual Predictive Models for Multilane Rural Highway Segments in Saudi Arabia. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-05944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Farooq D, Moslem S, Jamal A, Butt FM, Almarhabi Y, Faisal Tufail R, Almoshaogeh M. Assessment of Significant Factors Affecting Frequent Lane-Changing Related to Road Safety: An Integrated Approach of the AHP-BWM Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010628. [PMID: 34682376 PMCID: PMC8535848 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Frequent lane changes cause serious traffic safety concerns for road users. The detection and categorization of significant factors affecting frequent lane changing could help to reduce frequent lane-changing risk. The main objective of this research study is to assess and prioritize the significant factors and sub-factors affecting frequent lane changing designed in a three-level hierarchical structure. As a multi-criteria decision-making methodology (MCDM), this study utilizes the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) combined with the best–worst method (BWM) to compare and quantify the specified factors. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed model, a real-life decision-making problem is considered, prioritizing the most significant factors affecting lane changing based on the driver’s responses on a designated questionnaire survey. The proposed model observed fewer pairwise comparisons (PCs) with more consistent and reliable results than the conventional AHP. For level 1 of the three-level hierarchical structure, the AHP–BWM model results show “traffic characteristics” (0.5148) as the most significant factor affecting frequent lane changing, followed by “human” (0.2134), as second-ranked factor. For level 2, “traffic volume” (0.1771) was observed as the most significant factor, followed by “speed” (0.1521). For level 3, the model results show “average speed” (0.0783) as first-rank factor, followed by the factor “rural” (0.0764), as compared to other specified factors. The proposed integrated approach could help decision-makers to focus on highlighted significant factors affecting frequent lane-changing to improve road safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Farooq
- Department of Civil Engineering, Comsats University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah 47040, Pakistan; (D.F.); (R.F.T.)
| | - Sarbast Moslem
- Department of Transport Technology and Economics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Arshad Jamal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Design and Built Environment, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5055, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Mobility and Logistics (IRC-SML), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhan Muhammad Butt
- Transportation and Traffic Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Yahya Almarhabi
- Center of Excellence in Trauma and Accidents, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Faisal Tufail
- Department of Civil Engineering, Comsats University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah 47040, Pakistan; (D.F.); (R.F.T.)
| | - Meshal Almoshaogeh
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
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13
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Classification Trees in the Assessment of the Road–Railway Accidents Mortality. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14123462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A special element of road safety research is accidents at the interface of the road and rail system. Due to their low share in the total number of incidents, they are not a popular subject of analyses but rather an element of collective studies, whereas the specificity of the road–rail accidents requires a separate characteristic, allowing, on the one hand, to categorize these types of incidents, and on the other, to specify the factors that affect them, along with an assessment of the strength of this impact. It is important to include in such analyses all potential predictors, both qualitative and quantitative. Moreover, the literature considers most often a number of accidents while, according to the authors, it does not fully reflect the scale of the danger. A better evaluation would be the victim’s degree of injury. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to assess the likelihood of occurrence of various effects of road–rail accidents in the aspect of selected factors. Due to the ordinal form of the dependent variable, the classification trees method was used. The results obtained not only allow the characterization and assessment of the danger but also constitute guidelines for taking preventive actions.
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14
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Jamal A, Zahid M, Tauhidur Rahman M, Al-Ahmadi HM, Almoshaogeh M, Farooq D, Ahmad M. Injury severity prediction of traffic crashes with ensemble machine learning techniques: a comparative study. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2021; 28:408-427. [PMID: 34060410 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2021.1928233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of injury severity risk factors is fundamental to improving crash prediction and effective implementation of appropriate mitigation strategies. Traditional statistical models widely used in this regard have predefined correlation and intrinsic assumptions, which, if flouted, may yield biased predictions. The present study investigates the possibility of using the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model compared with few traditional machine learning algorithms (logistic regression, random forest, and decision tree) for crash injury severity analysis. The data used in this study was obtained from the traffic safety department, ministry of transport (MOT) at Riyadh, KSA, and contains 13,546 motor vehicle collisions along 15 rural highways reported between January 2017 to December 2019. Empirical results obtained using k-fold (k = 10) for various performance metrics showed that the XGBoost technique outperformed other models in terms of the collective predictive performance as well as injury severity individual class accuracies. XGBoost feature importance analysis indicated that collision type, weather status, road surface conditions, on-site damage type, lighting conditions, and vehicle type are the few sensitive variables in predicting the crash injury severity outcome. Finally, a comparative analysis of XGBoost based on different performance statistics showed that our model outperformed most previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Jamal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- College of Metropolitan Transportation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Tauhidur Rahman
- Department of City and Regional Planning, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan M Al-Ahmadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal Almoshaogeh
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danish Farooq
- Department of Transport Technology and Economics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar (Bannu Campus), Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar (Bannu Campus), Peshawar, Pakistan
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