1
|
Cooper DS, Moreira TS, Davis TJ. Entropy as a Window Into Behavioral Phase Transitions: Unveiling Contextual Dynamics in Affordance-Based Reaching. Motor Control 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38942417 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2023-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Prior work has demonstrated the presence of hysteresis effects in the control of affordance-guided behavior, in that behavioral transitions around a critical action boundary vary with directions of change in said action boundary. To date, research on this topic has overlooked the influence of the global context on these phenomena. We employ an affordance-based reaching task, whereby participants were asked to move a target to a goal by passing through one of two apertures (size variable or size constant). It was found that the direction of change in the size of the variable aperture influenced the point of behavioral transitions, and this effect interacted with the location of a given goal. In addition, we considered fluctuations in the entropy of participants' reach trajectories as a window into the nature of the behavioral phase transitions. Differences in the structure of entropy were found depending on the direction of change in the size variable aperture. These results are discussed in light of a dynamical systems approach, and recommendations for future work are made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalton S Cooper
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, and Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tarcisio S Moreira
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, and Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tehran J Davis
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, and Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park MW, Shin HI, Bang MS, Kim DK, Shin SH, Kim EK, Lee ES, Shin HI, Lee WH. Reduction in limb-movement complexity at term-equivalent age is associated with motor developmental delay in very-preterm or very-low-birth-weight infants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8432. [PMID: 38600352 PMCID: PMC11006919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Reduced complexity during the writhing period can be crucial in the spontaneous movements of high-risk infants for neurologic impairment. This study aimed to verify the association between quantified complexity of upper and lower-limb movements at term-equivalent age and motor development in very-preterm or very-low-birth-weight infants. Video images of spontaneous movements at term-equivalent age were collected from very-preterm or very-low-birth-weight infants. A pretrained pose-estimation model and sample entropy (SE) quantified the complexity of the upper- and lower-limb movements. Motor development was evaluated at 9 months of corrected age using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. The SE measures were compared between infants with and without motor developmental delay (MDD). Among 90 infants, 11 exhibited MDD. SE measures at most of the upper and lower limbs were significantly reduced in infants with MDD compared to those without MDD (p < 0.05). Composite scores in the motor domain showed significant positive correlations with SE measures at most upper and lower limbs (p < 0.05). The results show that limb-movement complexity at term-equivalent age is reduced in infants with MDD at 9 months of corrected age. SE of limb movements can be a potentially useful kinematic parameter to detect high-risk infants for MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myung Woo Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ik Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Suk Bang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, Republic of Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Han Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ee-Kyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Iee Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Hyung Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oh J, Ordoñez ELT, Velasquez E, Mejía M, Grazioso MDP, Rohloff P, Smith BA. Early full-day leg movement kinematics and swaddling patterns in infants in rural Guatemala: A pilot study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298652. [PMID: 38422106 PMCID: PMC10903813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tools to accurately assess infants' neurodevelopmental status very early in their lives are limited. Wearable sensors may provide a novel approach for very early assessment of infant neurodevelopmental status. This may be especially relevant in rural and low-resource global settings. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal observational study and used wearable sensors to repeatedly measure the kinematic leg movement characteristics of 41 infants in rural Guatemala three times across full days between birth and 6 months of age. In addition, we collected sociodemographic data, growth data, and caregiver estimates of swaddling behaviors. We used visual analysis and multivariable linear mixed models to evaluate the associations between two leg movement kinematic variables (awake movement rate, peak acceleration per movement) and infant age, swaddling behaviors, growth, and other covariates. RESULTS Multivariable mixed models of sensor data showed age-dependent increases in leg movement rates (2.16 [95% CI 0.80,3.52] movements/awake hour/day of life) and movement acceleration (5.04e-3 m/s2 [95% CI 3.79e-3, 6.27e-3]/day of life). Swaddling time as well as growth status, poverty status and multiple other clinical and sociodemographic variables had no impact on either movement variable. CONCLUSIONS Collecting wearable sensor data on young infants in a rural low-resource setting is feasible and can be used to monitor age-dependent changes in movement kinematics. Future work will evaluate associations between these kinematic variables from sensors and formal developmental measures, such as the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Oh
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Rohloff
- Wuqu’ Kawoq | Maya Health Alliance, Tecpán, Guatemala
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Beth A. Smith
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lorås H, Sandseter EBH, Sando OJ, Storli L. Distinct clusters of movement entropy in children's exploration of a virtual reality balance beam. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1227469. [PMID: 37915527 PMCID: PMC10616470 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1227469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although assessing motor competence is vital to advancing current understandings of motor development and its significance in various fields, no consensus exists on how the construct should be operationalised and measured. Existing approaches to assessing motor competence in children typically involve applying qualitative and/or quantitative scoring procedures in which children's performance is evaluated according to certain levels of assessment-specific task performance dependent upon predefined sets of instructions and procedures. Building upon ecological dynamics as a framework, different levels of motor competence can be identified in children's attempts to coordinate their degrees of freedom while trying to complete the interactive task and environmental constraints. Given the dynamic, nonlinear features of that coordinating process, assessments need to consider the inherit structure of inter- and intra-individual variability in patterns of movement. Against that background, we investigated 7-10-year-old children's (n = 58) whole-body joint kinematics as they freely explored a balance beam in a virtual reality playground. Specifically, we used exploratory cluster analysis to examine the discriminatory capability of utilising joint-specific sample entropy as a window into individual differences in movement coordination that emerged from children's exploration of the constraints embedded in the virtual task. Among the results, three clusters of children with distinct profiles of movement variability emerged, all of which showed heterogeneous levels of repeatability in joint movements in combination with the level of spatiotemporal exploration on the balance beam that could not be explained by between-cluster differences in age and gender distributions. Those findings suggest that entropy from whole-body movements can be used to cluster children into distinct groups with different profiles regarding the structure of movement variability, which can inform new understandings and the development of gross motor competence assessments for children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Lorås
- Department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ellen Beate Hansen Sandseter
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ole Johan Sando
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lise Storli
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Deng W, Marmelat V, Vanderbilt DL, Gennaro F, Smith BA. Barcoding, linear and nonlinear analysis of full-day leg movements in infants with typical development and infants at risk of developmental disabilities: Cross-sectional study. INFANCY 2023; 28:650-666. [PMID: 36921012 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods do not capture the multidimensional domains and dynamic nature of infant behavioral patterns. We aim to compare full-day, in-home leg movement data between infants with typical development (TD) and infants at risk of developmental disabilities (AR) using barcoding and nonlinear analysis. Eleven infants with TD (2-10 months) and nine infants AR (adjusted age: 2-14 months) wore a sensor on each ankle for 7 days. We calculated the standard deviation for linear variability and sample entropy (SampEn) of leg acceleration and angular velocity for nonlinear variability. Movements were also categorized into 16 barcoding states, and we calculated the SampEn and proportions of the barcoding. All variables were compared between the two groups using independent-samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. The AR group had larger linear variability compared to the TD group. SampEn was lower in the AR group compared to TD group for both acceleration and angular velocity. Two barcoding states' proportions were significantly different between the two groups. The results showed that nonlinear analysis and barcoding could be used to identify the difference of dynamic multidimensional movement patterns between infants AR and infants with TD. This information may help early diagnosis of developmental disabilities in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Deng
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vivien Marmelat
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Douglas L Vanderbilt
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Federico Gennaro
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beth A Smith
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics Program, The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Deng W, Sargent B, Havens K, Vanderbilt D, Rosales M, Pulido JC, Matarić MJ, Smith BA. Correlation between performance and quantity/variability of leg exploration in a contingency learning task during infancy. Infant Behav Dev 2023; 70:101788. [PMID: 36399847 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quantity and quality of motor exploration are proposed to be fundamental for infant motor development. However, it is still not clear what types of motor exploration contribute to learning. To determine whether changes in quantity of leg movement and/or variability of leg acceleration are related to performance in a contingency learning task, twenty 6-8-month-old infants with typical development participated in a contingency learning task. During this task, a robot provided reinforcement when the infant's right leg peak acceleration was above an individualized threshold. The correlation coefficient between the infant's performance and the change in quantity of right leg movement, linear variability, and nonlinear variability of right leg movement acceleration from baseline were calculated. Simple linear regression and multiple linear regression were calculated to explain the contribution of each variable to the performance individually and collectively. We found significant correlation between the performance and the change in quantity of right leg movement (r = 0.86, p < 0.001), linear variability (r = 0.71, p < 0.001), and nonlinear variability (r = 0.62, p = 0.004) of right leg movement acceleration, respectively. However, multiple linear regression showed that only quantity and linear variability of leg movements were significant predicting factors for the performance ratio (p < 0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.94). These results indicated that the quantity of exploration and variable exploratory strategies could be critical for the motor learning process during infancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Deng
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, USA,.
| | - Barbara Sargent
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, USA,.
| | - Kathryn Havens
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, USA,.
| | - Douglas Vanderbilt
- Division of Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA,.
| | - Marcelo Rosales
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, USA,.
| | - Jose Carlo Pulido
- Department of Innovation and Product Design, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain,.
| | - Maja J Matarić
- Department of Computer Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, USA,.
| | - Beth A Smith
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, USA,; Division of Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA,; Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shin HI, Shin HI, Bang MS, Kim DK, Shin SH, Kim EK, Kim YJ, Lee ES, Park SG, Ji HM, Lee WH. Deep learning-based quantitative analyses of spontaneous movements and their association with early neurological development in preterm infants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3138. [PMID: 35210507 PMCID: PMC8873498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop quantitative assessments of spontaneous movements in high-risk preterm infants based on a deep learning algorithm. Video images of spontaneous movements were recorded in very preterm infants at the term-equivalent age. The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) was performed in infants at 4 months of corrected age. Joint positional data were extracted using a pretrained pose-estimation model. Complexity and similarity indices of joint angle and angular velocity in terms of sample entropy and Pearson correlation coefficient were compared between the infants with HINE < 60 and ≥ 60. Video images of spontaneous movements were recorded in 65 preterm infants at term-equivalent age. Complexity indices of joint angles and angular velocities differed between the infants with HINE < 60 and ≥ 60 and correlated positively with HINE scores in most of the joints at the upper and lower extremities (p < 0.05). Similarity indices between each joint angle or joint angular velocity did not differ between the two groups in most of the joints at the upper and lower extremities. Quantitative assessments of spontaneous movements in preterm infants are feasible using a deep learning algorithm and sample entropy. The results indicated that complexity indices of joint movements at both the upper and lower extremities can be potential candidates for detecting developmental outcomes in preterm infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Iee Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ik Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Suk Bang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Han Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ee-Kyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Gi Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Ji
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyung Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rosales MR, Deng W, Nishiyori R, Vanderbilt DL, Smith BA. Leg Movement Rate before and after a Caregiver-Provided Intervention for Infants at Risk of Developmental Disability: A Pilot Study. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2022; 42:259-274. [PMID: 34641749 DOI: 10.1080/01942638.2021.1986615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Our purpose was to assess daily leg movement rate before and after a caregiver-provided in-home intervention for infants at risk for developmental disability. We also assessed adherence and quality of caregiver-child interaction. METHODS Twelve infants, at risk for developmental disabilities, and their caregivers participated in an intervention focused on increasing leg movements. Intervention started between 3- and 6-months corrected age and ended once the infant was able to sit independently or at 9 months corrected age, whichever occurred first. Infants were assessed monthly. RESULTS Infants at risk for developmental disabilities who were moving less than 1200 leg movements per hour awake at the start of the intervention increased their daily leg movement rate following the intervention (Median [range]: pre-1047 [506-1056], post- 1104 [655-1359], p = 0.040). Additionally, the caregivers had a high adherence (Median: 89%, Range: 11.43%-329.17%) and good quality of caregiver-child interaction (Median NCAST total: 46, Range: 34-59); and maintained similar amounts of adherence (p = 0.575) and quality of caregiver-child interaction (p = 0.432) throughout the intervention. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary evidence that leg movement rate has the potential to be used as an outcome measure to assess an infant's progress and motor practice during an intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo R Rosales
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Weiyang Deng
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ryota Nishiyori
- Division of Research on Children, Youth, and Families, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Douglas L Vanderbilt
- Keck School of Medicine, Section of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beth A Smith
- Division of Research on Children, Youth, and Families, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Franchak JM, Scott V, Luo C. A Contactless Method for Measuring Full-Day, Naturalistic Motor Behavior Using Wearable Inertial Sensors. Front Psychol 2021; 12:701343. [PMID: 34744865 PMCID: PMC8570382 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
How can researchers best measure infants' motor experiences in the home? Body position-whether infants are held, supine, prone, sitting, or upright-is an important developmental experience. However, the standard way of measuring infant body position, video recording by an experimenter in the home, can only capture short instances, may bias measurements, and conflicts with physical distancing guidelines resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we introduce and validate an alternative method that uses machine learning algorithms to classify infants' body position from a set of wearable inertial sensors. A laboratory study of 15 infants demonstrated that the method was sufficiently accurate to measure individual differences in the time that infants spent in each body position. Two case studies showed the feasibility of applying this method to testing infants in the home using a contactless equipment drop-off procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Franchak
- Perception, Action, and Development Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang J, Siddicky SF, Johnson T, Kapil N, Majmudar B, Mannen EM. Supine lying center of pressure movement characteristics as a predictor of normal developmental stages in early infancy. Technol Health Care 2021; 30:43-49. [PMID: 33998566 DOI: 10.3233/thc-202754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Absent or abnormal fidgety movements in young infants are associated with subsequent diagnoses of developmental disorders such as cerebral palsy. The General Movement Assessment (GMA) is a qualitative clinical tool to visually identify infants with absent or abnormal fidgety movements associated with developmental stage, yet no quantitative measures exist to detect fidgety activity. OBJECTIVE To determine whether a correlation exists between quantitative Center of Pressure (CoP) measurements during supine lying and age. METHODS Twenty-four healthy full-term infants participated in the Institutional Review Board-approved study. Participants were placed supine in view of a GoPro camera on an AMTI force plate for two minutes. Spontaneous movements were evaluated by three trained raters using the GMA. Traditional CoP parameters (range, total path length, mean velocity, and mean acceleration of resultant CoP) were assessed, and complexity of each of the resultant CoP variables (location, velocity, and acceleration) was calculated by sample entropy. Linear regression with Pearson correlation was performed to assess the correlations between the CoP parameters and adjusted age. RESULTS Nineteen infants were deemed fidgety per the GMA and were included in further analyses. All Sample entropy measures and range of resultant CoP had significant correlations with adjusted age (p< 0.05). Sample entropy of resultant CoP decreased with increasing age while range of resultant CoP increased with increasing age. CONCLUSION The results suggest that complexity of CoP and range of CoP are good predictors of age in typical developing infants during the fidgety period. Therefore, an approach using these parameters should be explored further as a quantifiable tool to identify infants at risk for neurodevelopmental impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junsig Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Safeer F Siddicky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Tara Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Namarta Kapil
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Bittu Majmudar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Erin M Mannen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Using Wearable Sensor Technology to Measure Motion Complexity in Infants at High Familial Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020616. [PMID: 33477359 PMCID: PMC7830886 DOI: 10.3390/s21020616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor dysfunction has been reported as one of the first signs of atypical development in infants at high familial risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (HR infants). However, studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the nature of motor dysfunction and whether it can be predictive of later ASD diagnosis. This is likely because current standardized motor assessments may not identify subtle and specific motor impairments that precede clinically observable motor dysfunction. Quantitative measures of motor development may address these limitations by providing objective evaluation of subtle motor differences in infancy. METHODS We used Opal wearable sensors to longitudinally evaluate full day motor activity in HR infants, and develop a measure of motion complexity. We focus on complexity of motion because optimal motion complexity is crucial to normal motor development and less complex behaviors might represent repetitive motor behaviors, a core diagnostic symptom of ASD. As proof of concept, the relationship of the motion complexity measure to developmental outcomes was examined in a small set of HR infants. RESULTS HR infants with a later diagnosis of ASD show lower motion complexity compared to those that do not. There is a stronger correlation between motion complexity and ASD outcome compared to outcomes of cognitive ability and adaptive skills. CONCLUSIONS Objective measures of motor development are needed to identify characteristics of atypical infant motor function that are sensitive and specific markers of later ASD risk. Motion complexity could be used to track early infant motor development and to discriminate HR infants that go on to develop ASD.
Collapse
|
12
|
Effects of Mirror and Metronome Use on Spontaneous Dance Movements. Motor Control 2020; 25:75-88. [PMID: 33120357 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated effects of mirror and metronome use on spontaneous upper body movements by 10 preprofessional dancers in a motor task in which maximally diverse upper body movement patterns were targeted. Hand and trunk accelerations were digitally recorded utilizing accelerometers and analyzed using polar frequency distributions of the realized acceleration directions and sample entropy of the acceleration time. Acceleration directions were more variably used by the arms than by the torso, particularly so when participants monitored their performance via a mirror. Metronome use hardly affected the predictability of the acceleration time series. The findings underscore the intrinsic limitations that people experience when being asked to move randomly and reveal moderate effects of visual and acoustic constraints on doing so in dance.
Collapse
|
13
|
Deng W, Nishiyori R, Vanderbilt DL, Smith BA. How Many Days are Necessary to Represent Typical Daily Leg Movement Behavior for Infants at Risk of Developmental Disabilities? SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185344. [PMID: 32961954 PMCID: PMC7570480 DOI: 10.3390/s20185344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Movement characteristics can differentiate between infants at risk and infants with typical development. However, it is unknown how many days are needed to accurately represent typical daily behavior for infants at risk of developmental disabilities when using wearable sensors. To consider the balance between participant burden and the amount of data collected and optimizing the efficiency of data collection, our study determined (1) how many days were necessary to represent typical movement behavior for infants at risk of developmental disabilities and (2) whether movement behavior was different on weekend days and weekdays. METHODS We used Opal wearable sensors to collect at least 5 days of 11 infants' leg movement data. The standard (average of 5 days) was compared with four methods (average of the first 1/2/3/4 days) using the Bland-Altman plots and the Spearman correlation coefficient. We also compared the data from the average of 2 weekend days to the average of the first 2 weekdays for 8 infants. RESULTS The Spearman correlation coefficient comparing the average of the first 2 days of data and the standards were all above 0.7. The absolute differences between them were all below 10% of the standards. The Bland-Altman plots showed more than 90% of the data points comparing the average of 2 days and the standards fell into the limit of agreement for each variable. The absolute difference between weekend days and weekdays for the leg movement rate, duration, average acceleration, and peak acceleration was 15.2%, 1.7%, 6.8% and 6.3% of the corresponding standard, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results suggest 2 days is the optimal amount of data to represent typical daily leg movement behavior of infants at risk of developmental disabilities while minimizing participant burden. Further, leg movement behavior did not differ distinctly across weekend days and weekdays. These results provide supportive evidence for an efficient amount of data collections when using wearable sensors to evaluate movement behavior in infants at risk of developmental disabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Deng
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ryota Nishiyori
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (R.N.); (B.A.S.)
| | - Douglas L. Vanderbilt
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA;
| | - Beth A. Smith
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (R.N.); (B.A.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ferre CL, Babik I, Michel GF. A perspective on the development of hemispheric specialization, infant handedness, and cerebral palsy. Cortex 2020; 127:208-220. [PMID: 32224319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral Palsy (CP), a common form of neurological pediatric disability, results from pre- or perinatal brain injury. Although there is growing evidence of the efficacy of motor learning-based therapies, several factors interact to produce variability in impairment and limit the effectiveness of these therapies. The variability of hand function present in children with CP indicates that a range of developmental pathways must contribute to the manifestation of individually unique characteristics of impairment. Despite two decades of progress using therapies derived from understanding the mechanisms controlling hand function, very little is known about the sensorimotor experiences occurring during development that likely shape later functional problems for children with CP. In this "perspective" paper, we propose that the study of the development of motor skills in typically developing infants may reveal experiential factors potentially important for creating remedial therapies for children with CP. Specifically, we use the development of infant handedness, a model of hemispheric specialization of function, as an example of how self-generated experiences and sensorimotor feedback can shape the development of limb control and hemispheric specialization. We illustrate how early sensorimotor asymmetries concatenate into pronounced differences in skill between the two hands. We suggest that this model of infant handedness provides a framework for studying the individual differences manifested in children with CP. These differences likely arise from aberrant sensorimotor experiences created by sensorimotor circuits disrupted by the early brain injury. We conclude that knowledge of the developmental events, including subtle motor behaviors, that shape sensorimotor pathways, can improve treatment options for children with CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio L Ferre
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Iryna Babik
- Department of Psychological Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - George F Michel
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Infant Leg Activity Intensity Before and After Naps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 3:157-163. [PMID: 34109304 DOI: 10.1123/jmpb.2019-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wearable sensors are being used to measure intensity of infant physical activity across full days. The variability of infant activity intensity within and across days is important to study given the potential impact of physical activity on developmental trajectories. Using retrospective data, we analyzed the intensity of leg movements in 10 typically-developing infants before and after naptimes. Leg movement data were captured from 20 minutes before and after multiple events of naps across seven days for each infant. We hypothesized that leg movement intensity would be lower before a nap than after a nap potentially due to lower arousal and increased fatigue prior to attaining sleep. However, our results showed that leg movement intensity was not significantly different when comparing the 20-minute period pre- and post-naps (F(1,7)=3.91, p=0.089, ηp 2=0.358). Our results are a first step in describing patterns of infant activity across days and highlights the need for further research regarding infant energy expenditure and physical activity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Gima H, Teshima M, Tagami E, Sato T, Ohta H. The shape of disposable diaper affects spontaneous movements of lower limbs in young infants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16176. [PMID: 31700099 PMCID: PMC6838332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the characteristics of young infants' lower limb spontaneous movements based on differences in shape of diapers. Twenty-seven healthy infants (103 ± 16.3 days old) were enrolled in this study. We measured the spontaneous movements of their lower limbs in four conditions (Naked, wearing Normal type diapers, wearing Type A diapers, and wearing Type B diapers). The Normal diaper has a wider waist belt than the Type A diaper, and the Type B diaper has a narrower crotch area than the Type A diaper. We observed them in seven indices (the velocity of lower limb movements, the trajectory area of knee movement in the sagittal plane and the frontal plane, the distance between both knees and between side of abdomen and knee, and correlation of velocities between side of abdomen and knee and between left and right ankles). The results showed that the velocity of the lower limb movements in the Naked condition was higher than when wearing Normal diapers. The value for the trajectory area of knee movement in sagittal plane, which reflects the range of lower leg lifting movements and closeness of such movements to the trunk, for the Type B diaper condition was higher than that for the Normal diaper condition. This result indicates that the shape of the diaper affects the spontaneous movements of the lower limbs of young infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Gima
- Child Developmental and Learning Research Center, Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8551, Japan
| | - Midori Teshima
- Global Research & Development Division, Unicharm Corporation, 1531-7 Wadahama, Toyohama-cho, Kanonji, Kagawa, 769-1602, Japan
| | - Etsuko Tagami
- Global Research & Development Division, Unicharm Corporation, 1531-7 Wadahama, Toyohama-cho, Kanonji, Kagawa, 769-1602, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Global Research & Development Division, Unicharm Corporation, 1531-7 Wadahama, Toyohama-cho, Kanonji, Kagawa, 769-1602, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Ohta
- Department of Pyschophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan. .,Department of Psychiatry, Asai Hospital, 38-1 Togane, Chiba, 283-0062, Japan. .,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Orlando JM, Pierce S, Mohan M, Skorup J, Paremski A, Bochnak M, Prosser LA. Physical activity in non-ambulatory toddlers with cerebral palsy. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 90:51-58. [PMID: 31063871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with cerebral palsy are less likely to be physically active than their peers, however there is limited evidence regarding self-initiated physical activity in toddlers who are not able, or who may never be able, to walk. AIMS The aim of this study was to measure self-initiated physical activity and its relationship to gross motor function and participation in non-ambulatory toddlers with cerebral palsy. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Participants were between the ages of 1-3 years. Physical activity during independent floor-play at home was recorded using a wearable tri-axial accelerometer worn on the child's thigh. The Gross Motor Function Measure-66 and the Child Engagement in Daily Life, a parent-reported questionnaire of participation, were administered. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Data were analyzed from the twenty participants who recorded at least 90 min of floor-play (mean: 229 min), resulting in 4598 total floor-play minutes. The relationship between physical activity and gross motor function was not statistically significant (r = 0.20; p = 0.39), nor were the relationships between physical activity and participation (r = 0.05-0.09; p = 0.71-0.84). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results suggest physical activity during floor-play is not related to gross motor function or participation in non-ambulatory toddlers with cerebral palsy. Clinicians and researchers should independently measure physical activity, gross motor function, and participation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Orlando
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Physical Therapy, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Samuel Pierce
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Physical Therapy, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Mayumi Mohan
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 220 S 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Julie Skorup
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Physical Therapy, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Athylia Paremski
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Megan Bochnak
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Physical Therapy, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Laura A Prosser
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 220 S 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lobo MA, Hall ML, Greenspan B, Rohloff P, Prosser LA, Smith BA. Wearables for Pediatric Rehabilitation: How to Optimally Design and Use Products to Meet the Needs of Users. Phys Ther 2019; 99:647-657. [PMID: 30810741 PMCID: PMC6545272 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This article will define "wearables" as objects that interface and move with users, spanning clothing through smart devices. A novel design approach merging information from across disciplines and considering users' broad needs will be presented as the optimal approach for designing wearables that maximize usage. Three categories of wearables applicable to rehabilitation and habilitation will be explored: (1) inclusive clothing (eg, altered fit, fasteners); (2) supportive wearables (eg, orthotics, exoskeletons); and (3) smart wearables (eg, with sensors for tracking activity or controlling external devices). For each category, we will provide examples of existing and emerging wearables and potential applications for assessment and intervention with a focus on pediatric populations. We will discuss how these wearables might change task requirements and assist users for immediate effects and how they might be used with intervention activities to change users' abilities across time. It is important for rehabilitation clinicians and researchers to be engaged with the design and use of wearables so they can advocate and create better wearables for their clients and determine how to most effectively use wearables to enhance their assessment, intervention, and research practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martha L Hall
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware
| | - Ben Greenspan
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware
| | - Peter Rohloff
- Wuqu’ Kawoq (Maya Health Alliance), Santiago Sacatepéquez, Guatemala
| | - Laura A Prosser
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Beth A Smith
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abrishami MS, Nocera L, Mert M, Trujillo-Priego IA, Purushotham S, Shahabi C, Smith BA. Identification of Developmental Delay in Infants Using Wearable Sensors: Full-Day Leg Movement Statistical Feature Analysis. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE 2019; 7:2800207. [PMID: 30800535 PMCID: PMC6375381 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2019.2893223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines how features extracted from full-day data recorded by wearable sensors are able to differentiate between infants with typical development and those with or at risk for developmental delays. Wearable sensors were used to collect full-day (8-13 h) leg movement data from infants with typical development ([Formula: see text]) and infants at risk for developmental delay ([Formula: see text]). At 24 months, at-risk infants were assessed as having good ([Formula: see text]) or poor ([Formula: see text]) developmental outcomes. With this limited size dataset, our statistical analysis indicated that accelerometer features collected earlier in infancy differentiated between at-risk infants with poor and good outcomes at 24 months, as well as infants with typical development. This paper also tested how these features performed on a subset of the data for which the infant movement was known, i.e., 5-min intervals more representative of clinical observations. Our results on this limited dataset indicated that features for full-day data showed more group differences than similar features for the 5-min intervals, supporting the usefulness of full-day movement monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciano Nocera
- Department of Information SystemsThe University of Maryland at BaltimoreBaltimoreMD21250USA
| | - Melissa Mert
- Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
| | - Ivan A. Trujillo-Priego
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical TherapyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
| | - Sanjay Purushotham
- Department of Information SystemsThe University of Maryland at BaltimoreBaltimoreMD21250USA
| | - Cyrus Shahabi
- Department of Information SystemsThe University of Maryland at BaltimoreBaltimoreMD21250USA
| | - Beth A. Smith
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical TherapyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xiong QL, Wu XY, Yao J, Sukal-Moulton T, Xiao N, Chen L, Zheng XL, Liu Y, Hou WS. Inter-Limb Muscle Synergies and Kinematic Analysis of Hands-and-Knees Crawling in Typically Developing Infants and Infants With Developmental Delay. Front Neurol 2018; 9:869. [PMID: 30386289 PMCID: PMC6198063 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hands-and-knees-crawling is an important motor developmental milestone and a unique window into the development of central nervous system (CNS). Mobility during crawling is regularly used in clinical assessments to identify delays in motor development. However, possible contribution from CNS impairments to motor development delay is still unknown. The aim of this study was to quantify and compare inter-limb muscle synergy and kinematics during crawling among infants at a similar developmental age, however, clinically determined to be typically developing (TD, N = 20) infants, infants at risk of developmental delay (ARDD, N = 33), or infants with confirmed developmental delay (CDD, N = 13). We hypothesized that even though all of the groups are at a similar developmental age, there would be differences in kinematic measures during crawling, and such differences would be associated with CNS impairment as measured by electromyography (EMG) features. Surface EMG of eight arm and leg muscles and the corresponding joint kinematic data were collected while participants crawled on hands and knees at their self-selected velocity. Temporal-spatial parameters and normalized Jerk-Cost (JC) function (i.e., smoothness of movement) were computed from the measured kinematics. The inter-limb muscle synergy and the number of co-activating muscles per synergy were measured using EMGs. We found that the infants with CDD demonstrated higher normalized JC values (less movement smoothness), fewer muscle synergies, and more co-activating muscles per synergy, compared to infants with TD (p < 0.05) and ARDD (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the normalized JC values were correlated (p < 0.05) with the number of co-activation muscles per synergy. Our results suggest a constrained neuromuscular control strategy due to neurological injury in infants with CDD, and such constrain may contribute to the reduced movement smoothness in infant crawling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi L Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Medical Electronic Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Y Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Medical Electronic Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Theresa Sukal-Moulton
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nong Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Medical Electronic Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao L Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Medical Electronic Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen S Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Medical Electronic Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shida-Tokeshi J, Lane CJ, Trujillo-Priego IA, Deng W, Vanderbilt DL, Loeb GE, Smith BA. Relationships between full-day arm movement characteristics and developmental status in infants with typical development as they learn to reach: An observational study. Gates Open Res 2018; 2:17. [PMID: 29708221 PMCID: PMC5915838 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12813.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Advances in wearable sensor technology now allow us to quantify the number, type and kinematic characteristics of bouts of infant arm movement made across a full day in the natural environment. Our aim here was to determine whether the amount and kinematic characteristics of arm movements made across the day in the natural environment were related to developmental status in infants with typical development as they learned to reach for objects using their arms. Methods: We used wearable sensors to measure arm movement across days and months as infants developed arm reaching skills. In total, 22 infants with typical development participated, aged between 38 and 203 days. Of the participants, 2 infants were measured once and the other 20 infants were measured once per month for 3 to 6 visits. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development was used to measure developmental level. Results: Our main findings were: 1) infant arm movement characteristics as measured by full-day wearable sensor data were related to Bayley motor, cognitive and language scores, indicating a relationship between daily movement characteristics and developmental status; 2) infants who moved more had larger increases in language and cognitive scores across visits; and 3) larger changes in movement characteristics across visits were related to higher motor scores. Conclusions: This was a preliminary, exploratory, small study of the potential importance of infant arm movement characteristics as measured by full-day wearable sensor data. Our results support full-day arm movement activity as an area of interest for future study as a biomarker of neurodevelopmental status and as a target for early intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Shida-Tokeshi
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| | - Christianne J Lane
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9234, USA
| | - Ivan A Trujillo-Priego
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| | - Weiyang Deng
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| | - Douglas L Vanderbilt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9234, USA
| | - Gerald E Loeb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Beth A Smith
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shida-Tokeshi J, Lane CJ, Trujillo-Priego IA, Deng W, Vanderbilt DL, Loeb GE, Smith BA. Relationships between full-day arm movement characteristics and developmental status in infants with typical development as they learn to reach: An observational study. Gates Open Res 2018; 2:17. [PMID: 29708221 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12813.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Advances in wearable sensor technology now allow us to quantify the number, type and kinematic characteristics of bouts of infant arm movement made across a full day in the natural environment. Our aim here was to determine whether the amount and kinematic characteristics of arm movements made across the day in the natural environment were related to developmental status in infants with typical development as they learned to reach for objects using their arms. Methods: We used wearable sensors to measure arm movement across days and months as infants developed arm reaching skills. In total, 22 infants with typical development participated, aged between 38 and 203 days. Of the participants, 2 infants were measured once and the other 20 infants were measured once per month for 3 to 6 visits. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development was used to measure developmental level. Results: Our main findings were: 1) infant arm movement characteristics as measured by full-day wearable sensor data were related to Bayley motor, cognitive and language scores, indicating a relationship between daily movement characteristics and developmental status; 2) infants who moved more had larger increases in language and cognitive scores across visits; and 3) larger changes in movement characteristics across visits were related to higher motor scores. Conclusions: This was a preliminary, exploratory, small study of the potential importance of infant arm movement characteristics as measured by full-day wearable sensor data. Our results support full-day arm movement activity as an area of interest for future study as a biomarker of neurodevelopmental status and as a target for early intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Shida-Tokeshi
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| | - Christianne J Lane
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9234, USA
| | - Ivan A Trujillo-Priego
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| | - Weiyang Deng
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| | - Douglas L Vanderbilt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9234, USA
| | - Gerald E Loeb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Beth A Smith
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Munoz-Organero M. Editorial for the Special Issue “Personal Health and Wellbeing Intelligent Systems Based on Wearable and Mobile Technologies”. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 6:29. [DOI: 10.3390/technologies6010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|