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Omar AR, Nour AA, Dakrory AE. Amelioration of silymarin against cadmium-induced toxicity in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1192-1207. [PMID: 37401502 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silymarin is an antioxidant without side effects even at relatively high physiological dosage. Therefore, it is safely used as a herbal medicine for treating different diseases. AIM OF WORK The purpose of this study was to examine the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) in pregnant rats and their fetuses and the ameliorative effects of silymarin (SL) against this toxicity. MATERIALS & METHODS A total of 24 pregnant rats allocated into four equal groups. Control, silymarin (200 mg/kg), Cd (5 mg/kg), and a combination of Cd and silymarin concurrent from 6 to 20th gestational day. Number of corpora lutea, dams', gravid uteri, placental weights, and likewise fetal body weights and lengths were analyzed as physical parameters. Serum levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, creatinine, urea, uric acid, and maternal and fetal liver tissues for malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione activity were studied. The histology of hepatic and renal tissues for both mothers and fetuses was examined. Data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance test and Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare group means. RESULTS The findings evidenced that Cd causes teratogenic abnormalities and histopathological variation in hepatic and renal tissues of both mothers and fetuses. Cd triggers oxidative stress and disrupts liver and kidney function. In Cd + silymarin treated rats exhibited improvement in the pregnancy outcomes, reduced histopathological changes, oxidative stress as well as liver and kidney enzymes. CONCLUSION We deduced that using of silymarin during gestation is effective and ameliorate the toxic maternal complications caused by cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ramadan Omar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Emam Dakrory
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Aschner M, Skalny AV, Lu R, Santamaria A, Zhou JC, Ke T, Karganov MY, Tsatsakis A, Golokhvast KS, Bowman AB, Tinkov AA. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) modulation in heavy metal toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1299-1318. [PMID: 36933023 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is an oxygen-sensing transcriptional regulator orchestrating a complex of adaptive cellular responses to hypoxia. Several studies have demonstrated that toxic metal exposure may also modulate HIF-1α signal transduction pathway, although the existing data are scarce. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize the existing data on the effects of toxic metals on HIF-1 signaling and the potential underlying mechanisms with a special focus on prooxidant effect of the metals. The particular effect of metals was shown to be dependent on cell type, varying from down- to up-regulation of HIF-1 pathway. Inhibition of HIF-1 signaling may contribute to impaired hypoxic tolerance and adaptation, thus promoting hypoxic damage in the cells. In contrast, its metal-induced activation may result in increased tolerance to hypoxia through increased angiogenesis, thus promoting tumor growth and contributing to carcinogenic effect of heavy metals. Up-regulation of HIF-1 signaling is mainly observed upon Cr, As, and Ni exposure, whereas Cd and Hg may both stimulate and inhibit HIF-1 pathway. The mechanisms underlying the influence of toxic metal exposure on HIF-1 signaling involve modulation of prolyl hydroxylases (PHD2) activity, as well as interference with other tightly related pathways including Nrf2, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling. These effects are at least partially mediated by metal-induced ROS generation. Hypothetically, maintenance of adequate HIF-1 signaling upon toxic metal exposure through direct (PHD2 modulation) or indirect (antioxidant) mechanisms may provide an additional strategy for prevention of adverse effects of metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores/Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ji-Chang Zhou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Tao Ke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | | | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kirill S Golokhvast
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoobsk, Russia
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia. .,Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, 150003, Yaroslavl, Russia.
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Thévenod F, Schreiber T, Lee WK. Renal hypoxia-HIF-PHD-EPO signaling in transition metal nephrotoxicity: friend or foe? Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1573-1607. [PMID: 35445830 PMCID: PMC9095554 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is the main organ that senses changes in systemic oxygen tension, but it is also the key detoxification, transit and excretion site of transition metals (TMs). Pivotal to oxygen sensing are prolyl-hydroxylases (PHDs), which hydroxylate specific residues in hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), key transcription factors that orchestrate responses to hypoxia, such as induction of erythropoietin (EPO). The essential TM ion Fe is a key component and regulator of the hypoxia–PHD–HIF–EPO (HPHE) signaling axis, which governs erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, anaerobic metabolism, adaptation, survival and proliferation, and hence cell and body homeostasis. However, inadequate concentrations of essential TMs or entry of non-essential TMs in organisms cause toxicity and disrupt health. Non-essential TMs are toxic because they enter cells and displace essential TMs by ionic and molecular mimicry, e. g. in metalloproteins. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of HPHE interactions with TMs (Fe, Co, Ni, Cd, Cr, and Pt) as well as their implications in renal physiology, pathophysiology and toxicology. Some TMs, such as Fe and Co, may activate renal HPHE signaling, which may be beneficial under some circumstances, for example, by mitigating renal injuries from other causes, but may also promote pathologies, such as renal cancer development and metastasis. Yet some other TMs appear to disrupt renal HPHE signaling, contributing to the complex picture of TM (nephro-)toxicity. Strikingly, despite a wealth of literature on the topic, current knowledge lacks a deeper molecular understanding of TM interaction with HPHE signaling, in particular in the kidney. This precludes rationale preventive and therapeutic approaches to TM nephrotoxicity, although recently activators of HPHE signaling have become available for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Thévenod
- Institute for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, ZBAF, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Strasse 12, 58453, Witten, Germany.
| | - Timm Schreiber
- Institute for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, ZBAF, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Strasse 12, 58453, Witten, Germany
| | - Wing-Kee Lee
- Physiology and Pathophysiology of Cells and Membranes, Medical School EWL, Bielefeld University, R.1 B2-13, Morgenbreede 1, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Meyers LM, Krawic C, Luczak MW, Zhitkovich A. Vulnerability of HIF1α and HIF2α to damage by proteotoxic stressors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 445:116041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yeh YH, Tsai CC, Chen TW, Lee CH, Chang WJ, Hsieh MY, Li TK. Activation of multiple proteolysis systems contributes to acute cadmium cytotoxicity. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:927-937. [PMID: 35088369 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium exhibits both toxic and carcinogenic effects, and its cytotoxicity is linked to various cellular pathways, such as oxidative stress, ubiquitin-proteasome, and p53-mediated response pathways. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying cadmium cytotoxicity appears to be complex, but remains largely unclear. Here, we examined the effects of cadmium on the protein catabolism using two surrogate markers, DNA topoisomerases I and II alpha and its contribution to cytotoxicity. We have found that cadmium exposure induced time- and concentration-dependent decreases in the protein level of surrogate markers and therefore suggest that cadmium may be involved in proteolysis system activation. A pharmacological study further revealed the novel role(s) of these proteolytic activities and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cadmium-induced acute toxicity: (i) Proteasome inhibition only partially relieved the cadmium-induced proteolysis of topoisomerases; (ii) Moreover, we report for the first time that the activation of metalloproteases, serine proteases, and cysteine proteases contributes to the acute cadmium cytotoxicity; (iii) Consistent with the notion that both ROS generation and proteolysis system activation contribute to the cadmium-induced proteolysis and cytotoxicity, the scavenger N-acetylcysteine and aforementioned protease inhibition not only reduced the cadmium-induced topoisomerase degradation but also alleviated the cadmium-induced cell killing. Taken together, acute cadmium exposure may activate multiple proteolytic systems and ROS formation, subsequently leading to intracellular damage and cytotoxicity. Thus, our results provide a novel insight into potential action mechanism(s) by which cadmium exerts its cytotoxic effect and suggest potential strategies to prevent cadmium-associated acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hsiu Yeh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chih Tsai
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Wen Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hua Lee
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jer Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yi Hsieh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Kun Li
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan. .,Centers for Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan. .,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
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Genchi G, Sinicropi MS, Lauria G, Carocci A, Catalano A. The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3782. [PMID: 32466586 PMCID: PMC7312803 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 824] [Impact Index Per Article: 206.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential transition metal that poses a health risk for both humans and animals. It is naturally occurring in the environment as a pollutant that is derived from agricultural and industrial sources. Exposure to cadmium primarily occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food and water and, to a significant extent, through inhalation and cigarette smoking. Cadmium accumulates in plants and animals with a long half-life of about 25-30 years. Epidemiological data suggest that occupational and environmental cadmium exposure may be related to various types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, nasopharynx, pancreas, and kidney cancers. It has been also demonstrated that environmental cadmium may be a risk factor for osteoporosis. The liver and kidneys are extremely sensitive to cadmium's toxic effects. This may be due to the ability of these tissues to synthesize metallothioneins (MT), which are Cd-inducible proteins that protect the cell by tightly binding the toxic cadmium ions. The oxidative stress induced by this xenobiotic may be one of the mechanisms responsible for several liver and kidney diseases. Mitochondria damage is highly plausible given that these organelles play a crucial role in the formation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and are known to be among the key intracellular targets for cadmium. When mitochondria become dysfunctional after exposure to Cd, they produce less energy (ATP) and more ROS. Recent studies show that cadmium induces various epigenetic changes in mammalian cells, both in vivo and in vitro, causing pathogenic risks and the development of various types of cancers. The epigenetics present themselves as chemical modifications of DNA and histones that alter the chromatin without changing the sequence of the DNA nucleotide. DNA methyltransferase, histone acetyltransferase, histone deacetylase and histone methyltransferase, and micro RNA are involved in the epigenetic changes. Recently, investigations of the capability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) to remove cadmium from polluted soil and water have been carried out. Moreover, nanoparticles of TiO2 and Al2O3 have been used to efficiently remove cadmium from wastewater and soil. Finally, microbial fermentation has been studied as a promising method for removing cadmium from food. This review provides an update on the effects of Cd exposure on human health, focusing on the cellular and molecular alterations involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Genchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (Cosenza), Italy; (G.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (Cosenza), Italy; (G.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Graziantonio Lauria
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (Cosenza), Italy; (G.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Alessia Carocci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy;
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7
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Cadmium Sources and Toxicity. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7020025. [PMID: 31064047 PMCID: PMC6631073 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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