1
|
Yang Y, Hu J, Wei X, Huang K, Li C, Yang G. Deciphering core microbiota in rhizosphere soil and roots of healthy and Rhizoctonia solani-infected potato plants from various locations. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1386417. [PMID: 38585705 PMCID: PMC10995396 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1386417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Black scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani severely affects potato production. Through amplification of V3-V4 and ITS1-5f variable regions of 16S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA, the study was based on the location (Kunming, Qujing, and Zhaotong), plant components (rhizosphere soil and roots), and sample types (healthy and diseased) to assess the diversity of bacterial and fungal communities. We found plant components significantly influence microbial diversity, with rhizosphere soil being more diverse than roots, and the microbial community in the root is mainly derived from the rhizosphere soil. Moreover, the rhizosphere soil and roots of healthy potato plants exhibit greater microbial diversity compared to those of potato plants infected by Rhizoctonia solani. Bacterial phyla Actinobacteriota and Acidobacteriota were enriched in rhizosphere soil compared to that of roots, whereas Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria showed the opposite trend. Fungal phylum Ascomycota was found in low relative abundance in rhizosphere soil than in roots, whereas Basidiomycota showed the opposite trend. Bacterial genera including Streptomyces, Lysobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Ensifer, Enterobacter, and the Rhizobium group (Allorhizobium, Neorhizobium, Pararhizobium, Rhizobium), along with fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Purpureocillium, and Gibberella moniliformis, have the potential ability of plant growth promotion and disease resistance. However, most fungal species and some bacterial species are pathogenic to potato and could provide a conducive environment for black scurf infection. Interaction within the bacterial network increased in healthy plants, contrasting with the trend in the fungal network. Our findings indicate that R. solani significantly alters potato plant microbial diversity, underscoring the complexity and potential interactions between bacterial and fungal communities for promoting potato plant health and resistance against black scurf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Genhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ayache N, Bill BD, Brosnahan ML, Campbell L, Deeds JR, Fiorendino JM, Gobler CJ, Handy SM, Harrington N, Kulis DM, McCarron P, Miles CO, Moore SK, Nagai S, Trainer VL, Wolny JL, Young CS, Smith JL. A survey of Dinophysis spp. and their potential to cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in coastal waters of the United States. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:658-680. [PMID: 36964950 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple species of the genus Dinophysis produce diarrhetic shellfish toxins (okadaic acid and Dinophysis toxins, OA/DTXs analogs) and/or pectenotoxins (PTXs). Only since 2008 have DSP events (illnesses and/or shellfish harvesting closures) become recognized as a threat to human health in the United States. This study characterized 20 strains representing five species of Dinophysis spp. isolated from three US coastal regions that have experienced DSP events: the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific Northwest. Using a combination of morphometric and DNA-based evidence, seven Northeast/Mid-Atlantic isolates and four Pacific Northwest isolates were classified as D. acuminata, a total of four isolates from two coasts were classified as D. norvegica, two isolates from the Pacific Northwest coast were identified as D. fortii, and three isolates from the Gulf of Mexico were identified as D. ovum and D. caudata. Toxin profiles of D. acuminata and D. norvegica varied by their geographical origin within the United States. Cross-regional comparison of toxin profiles was not possible with the other three species; however, within each region, distinct species-conserved profiles for isolates of D. fortii, D. ovum, and D. caudata were observed. Historical and recent data from various State and Tribal monitoring programs were compiled and compared, including maximum recorded cell abundances of Dinophysis spp., maximum concentrations of OA/DTXs recorded in commercial shellfish species, and durations of harvesting closures, to provide perspective regarding potential for DSP impacts to regional public health and shellfish industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ayache
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Brian D Bill
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Michael L Brosnahan
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Department of Oceanography and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Jonathan R Deeds
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - James M Fiorendino
- Department of Oceanography and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, 11968, USA
| | - Sara M Handy
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Neil Harrington
- Department of Natural Resources, Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe, Sequim, Washington, 98382, USA
| | - David M Kulis
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Olympic Natural Resources Center, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer L Wolny
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Craig S Young
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, 11968, USA
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferreira GD, Grigoropoulou A, Saiz E, Calbet A. The effect of short-term temperature exposure on vital physiological processes of mixoplankton and protozooplankton. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 179:105693. [PMID: 35803051 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sudden environmental changes like marine heatwaves will become more intense and frequent in the future. Understanding the physiological responses of mixoplankton and protozooplankton, key members of marine food webs, to temperature is crucial. Here, we studied two dinoflagellates (one protozoo- and one mixoplanktonic), two ciliates (one protozoo- and one mixoplanktonic), and two cryptophytes. We report the acute (24 h) responses on growth and grazing to a range of temperatures (5-34 °C). We also determined respiration and photosynthetic rates for the four grazers within 6 °C of warming. The thermal performance curves showed that, in general, ciliates have higher optimal temperatures than dinoflagellates and that protozooplankton is better adapted to warming than mixoplankton. Our results confirmed that warmer temperatures decrease the cellular volumes of all species. Q10 coefficients suggest that grazing is the rate that increases the most in response to temperature in protozooplankton. Yet, in mixoplankton, grazing decreased in warmer temperatures, whereas photosynthesis increased. Therefore, we suggest that the Metabolic Theory of Ecology should reassess mixoplankton's position for the correct parameterisation of future climate change models. Future studies should also address the multigenerational response to temperature changes, to confirm whether mixoplankton become more phototrophic than phagotrophic in a warming scenario after adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme D Ferreira
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, DK-3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Afroditi Grigoropoulou
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Saiz
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Calbet
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahmed W, Dai Z, Liu Q, Munir S, Yang J, Karunarathna SC, Li S, Zhang J, Ji G, Zhao Z. Microbial Cross-Talk: Dissecting the Core Microbiota Associated With Flue-Cured Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum) Plants Under Healthy and Diseased State. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845310. [PMID: 35495684 PMCID: PMC9048796 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating disease of flue-cured tobacco production which poses significant yield losses all around the world. In this study, we evaluated the rhizosphere microbiome of healthy and bacterial wilt-infected (diseased) flue-cured tobacco plants through amplification of V3-V4 and ITS1-5f variable regions of 16S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA. The study was based on the location (Qujing, Shilin, and Wenshan), plant components (rhizosphere soil and roots), and sample types (healthy and diseased) to assess the diversity of bacterial and fungal communities. Bacterial and fungal communities present in roots primarily emanated from rhizosphere soil. Healthy flue-cured tobacco plants exhibit high microbial diversity compared to diseased plants. Among three variables, plant components significantly influence the diversity of microbial communities, whereas rhizosphere soil harbors higher microbial diversity than roots. Bacterial phyla Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria were found in high relative abundance in roots and rhizosphere soil samples, respectively. As far as fungi is concerned, a high relative abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota was found in both rhizosphere soil and root. Bacterial genera such as Bacillus, Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer, Neorhizobium, and Lysobacter related to plant growth promotion and disease suppressing abilities were dominant than fungal genera. Analysis of relative abundance at specie-level revealed that most fungal species are pathogenic to flue-cured tobacco and could provide a conducive environment for wilt infection. In conclusion, R. solanacearum significantly influences the microbial diversity of flue-cured tobacco plants and negatively affects the bacterial community composition. Altogether, our study demonstrates the complexity of bacterial and fungal communities that possibly interact with each other (microbe–microbe) and host (host–microbe). This cross-talk could be helpful for healthy flue-cured tobacco plant growth and to induce resistance against bacterial wilt disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmed
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenlin Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shahzad Munir
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,College of Resources, Environment, and Chemistry, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, China
| | - Samantha C Karunarathna
- Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resources and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
| | - Shichen Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guanghai Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengxiong Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Duarte Ferreira G, Romano F, Medić N, Pitta P, Hansen PJ, Flynn KJ, Mitra A, Calbet A. Mixoplankton interferences in dilution grazing experiments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23849. [PMID: 34903787 PMCID: PMC8668877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear as to how mixoplankton (coupled phototrophy and phagotrophy in one cell) affects the estimation of grazing rates obtained from the widely used dilution grazing technique. To address this issue, we prepared laboratory-controlled dilution experiments with known mixtures of phyto-, protozoo-, and mixoplankton, operated under different light regimes and species combinations. Our results evidenced that chlorophyll is an inadequate proxy for phytoplankton when mixoplankton are present. Conversely, species-specific cellular counts could assist (although not fully solve) in the integration of mixoplanktonic activity in a dilution experiment. Moreover, cell counts can expose prey selectivity patterns and intraguild interactions among grazers. Our results also demonstrated that whole community approaches mimic reality better than single-species laboratory experiments. We also confirmed that light is required for protozoo- and mixoplankton to correctly express their feeding activity, and that overall diurnal grazing is higher than nocturnal. Thus, we recommend that a detailed examination of initial and final plankton communities should become routine in dilution experiments, and that incubations should preferably be started at the beginning of both day and night periods. Finally, we hypothesize that in silico approaches may help disentangle the contribution of mixoplankton to the community grazing of a given system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Duarte Ferreira
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark.
| | - Filomena Romano
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark.,Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO Box 2214, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikola Medić
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Paraskevi Pitta
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO Box 2214, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Kevin J Flynn
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Aditee Mitra
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Albert Calbet
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cao Z, Li P, Li ZH. A latest review on the application of microcosm model in environmental research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:60438-60447. [PMID: 34537949 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microcosms are used experimentally to simulate ecosystems. This technology has received increasing attention and is widely used for environmental research. This review briefly introduces the origin and development of microcosm theory, summarizes classification and applications of microcosms across decades, and describes the advantages and limitations of microcosm technology in comparison with other methods. Finally, trends in the development of microcosm models are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Cao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang J, Wei L, Yang J, Ahmed W, Wang Y, Fu L, Ji G. Probiotic Consortia: Reshaping the Rhizospheric Microbiome and Its Role in Suppressing Root-Rot Disease of Panax notoginseng. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:701. [PMID: 32425904 PMCID: PMC7203884 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-rot disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum is a growing problem in agriculture for commercial cultivation of Panax notoginseng. Diverse microbes colonize plant roots, and numerous earlier studies have characterized the rhizospheric microbiome of P. notoginseng; nevertheless, the function of probiotic consortia on the rhizospheric microbiome against the root-rot disease remain elusive. We have compared and described the rhizospheric microbiome of lightly and severely diseased P. notoginseng as well as the interactions of the probiotic consortia and rhizospheric microbiome, and their function to alleviate the plant diseases were explored by inoculating probiotic consortia in bulk soil. From the perspective of microbial diversity, the rhizospheric dominant bacterial and fungal genera were utterly different between lightly and severely diseased plants. Through inoculating assembled probiotic consortia to diseased plant roots, we found that the application of probiotic consortia reshaped the rhizosphere microbiome, increasing the relative abundance of bacteria and fungi, while the relative abundance of potential pathogens was decreased significantly. We developed a microcosm system that provides a preliminary ecological framework for constructing an active probiotic community to reshape soil microbiota and restrain the disease. Microbial community structure differs between lightly and seriously diseased plants. The application of probiotic consortia changes the imbalance of micro-ecology to a state of relative health, reducing plant mortality. Plant disease suppression may be achieved by seeking and applying antagonistic microbes based on their direct inhibitory capability or by restructuring the soil microbiome structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Lanfang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Lina Fu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee of Fengdu County, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanghai Ji
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang J, Wei L, Yang J, Ahmed W, Wang Y, Fu L, Ji G. Probiotic Consortia: Reshaping the Rhizospheric Microbiome and Its Role in Suppressing Root-Rot Disease of Panax notoginseng. Front Microbiol 2020. [PMID: 32425904 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-rot disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum is a growing problem in agriculture for commercial cultivation of Panax notoginseng. Diverse microbes colonize plant roots, and numerous earlier studies have characterized the rhizospheric microbiome of P. notoginseng; nevertheless, the function of probiotic consortia on the rhizospheric microbiome against the root-rot disease remain elusive. We have compared and described the rhizospheric microbiome of lightly and severely diseased P. notoginseng as well as the interactions of the probiotic consortia and rhizospheric microbiome, and their function to alleviate the plant diseases were explored by inoculating probiotic consortia in bulk soil. From the perspective of microbial diversity, the rhizospheric dominant bacterial and fungal genera were utterly different between lightly and severely diseased plants. Through inoculating assembled probiotic consortia to diseased plant roots, we found that the application of probiotic consortia reshaped the rhizosphere microbiome, increasing the relative abundance of bacteria and fungi, while the relative abundance of potential pathogens was decreased significantly. We developed a microcosm system that provides a preliminary ecological framework for constructing an active probiotic community to reshape soil microbiota and restrain the disease. Microbial community structure differs between lightly and seriously diseased plants. The application of probiotic consortia changes the imbalance of micro-ecology to a state of relative health, reducing plant mortality. Plant disease suppression may be achieved by seeking and applying antagonistic microbes based on their direct inhibitory capability or by restructuring the soil microbiome structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Lanfang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Lina Fu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee of Fengdu County, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanghai Ji
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management Under the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jia Y, Gao H, Tong M, Anderson DM. Cell cycle regulation of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata: Growth, photosynthetic efficiency and toxin production. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 89:101672. [PMID: 31672228 PMCID: PMC6914227 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mixotrophic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata is a widely distributed diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) producer. Toxin variability of Dinophysis spp. has been well studied, but little is known of the manner in which toxin production is regulated throughout the cell cycle in these species, in part due to their mixotrophic characteristics. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate cell cycle regulation of growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and toxin production in D. acuminata. First, a three-step synchronization approach, termed "starvation-feeding-dark", was used to achieve a high degree of synchrony of Dinophysis cells by starving the cells for 2 weeks, feeding them once, and then placing them in darkness for 58 h. The synchronized cells started DNA synthesis (S phase) 10 h after being released into the light, initiated G2 growth stage eight hours later, and completed mitosis (M phase) 2 h before lights were turned on. The toxin content of three dominant toxins, okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), followed a common pattern of increasing in G1 phase, decreasing on entry into the S phase, then increasing again in S phase and decreasing in M phase during the diel cell cycle. Specific toxin production rates were positive throughout the G1 and S phases, but negative during the transition from G1 to S phase and late in M phase, the latter reflecting cell division. All toxins were initially induced by the light and positively correlated with the percentage of cells in S phase, indicating that biosynthesis of Dinophysis toxins might be under circadian regulation and be most active during DNA synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jia
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Han Gao
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, China.
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prey Lysate Enhances Growth and Toxin Production in an Isolate of Dinophysis acuminata. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010057. [PMID: 30669577 PMCID: PMC6356360 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological and toxicological characteristics of Dinophysis acuminata have been increasingly studied in an attempt to better understand and predict diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) events worldwide. Recent work has identified prey quantity, organic nitrogen, and ammonium as likely contributors to increased Dinophysis growth rates and/or toxicity. Further research is now needed to better understand the interplay between these factors, for example, how inorganic and organic compounds interact with prey and a variety of Dinophysis species and/or strains. In this study, the exudate of ciliate prey and cryptophytes were investigated for an ability to support D. acuminata growth and toxin production in the presence and absence of prey, i.e., during mixotrophic and phototrophic growth respectively. A series of culturing experiments demonstrated that the addition of ciliate lysate led to faster dinoflagellate growth rates (0.25 ± 0.002/d) in predator-prey co-incubations than in treatments containing (1) similar levels of prey but without lysate (0.21 ± 0.003/d), (2) ciliate lysate but no live prey (0.12 ± 0.004/d), or (3) monocultures of D. acuminata without ciliate lysate or live prey (0.01 ± 0.007/d). The addition of ciliate lysate to co-incubations also resulted in maximum toxin quotas and extracellular concentrations of okadaic acid (OA, 0.11 ± 0.01 pg/cell; 1.37 ± 0.10 ng/mL) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1, 0.20 ± 0.02 pg/cell; 1.27 ± 0.10 ng/mL), and significantly greater total DSP toxin concentrations (intracellular + extracellular). Pectenotoxin-2 values, intracellular or extracellular, did not show a clear trend across the treatments. The addition of cryptophyte lysate or whole cells, however, did not support dinoflagellate cell division. Together these data demonstrate that while certain growth was observed when only lysate was added, the benefits to Dinophysis were maximized when ciliate lysate was added with the ciliate inoculum (i.e., during mixotrophic growth). Extrapolating to the field, these culturing studies suggest that the presence of ciliate exudate during co-occurring dinoflagellate-ciliate blooms may indirectly and directly exacerbate D. acuminata abundance and toxigenicity. More research is required, however, to understand what direct or indirect mechanisms control the predator-prey dynamic and what component(s) of ciliate lysate are being utilized by the dinoflagellate or other organisms (e.g., ciliate or bacteria) in the culture if predictive capabilities are to be developed and management strategies created.
Collapse
|
11
|
Notes on the Cultivation of Two Mixotrophic Dinophysis Species and Their Ciliate Prey Mesodinium rubrum. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120505. [PMID: 30513751 PMCID: PMC6316069 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kleptoplastic mixotrophic species of the genus Dinophysis are cultured by feeding with the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum, itself a kleptoplastic mixotroph, that in turn feeds on cryptophytes of the Teleaulax/Plagioselmis/Geminigera (TPG) clade. Optimal culture media for phototrophic growth of D. acuminata and D. acuta from the Galician Rías (northwest Spain) and culture media and cryptophyte prey for M. rubrum from Huelva (southwest Spain) used to feed Dinophysis, were investigated. Phototrophic growth rates and yields were maximal when D. acuminata and D. acuta were grown in ammonia-containing K(-Si) medium versus f/2(-Si) or L1(-Si) media. Dinophysis acuminata cultures were scaled up to 18 L in a photobioreactor. Large differences in cell toxin quota were observed in the same Dinophysis strains under different experimental conditions. Yields and duration of exponential growth were maximal for M. rubrum from Huelva when fed Teleaulax amphioxeia from the same region, versus T. amphioxeia from the Galician Rías or T. minuta and Plagioselmis prolonga. Limitations for mass cultivation of northern Dinophysis strains with southern M. rubrum were overcome using more favorable (1:20) Dinophysis: Mesodinium ratios. These subtleties highlight the ciliate strain-specific response to prey and its importance to mass production of M. rubrum and Dinophysis cultures.
Collapse
|