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Anandan C, Jankovic J. Use of botulinum toxin in the management of dystonia in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1371601. [PMID: 38650620 PMCID: PMC11033361 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1371601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Botulinum toxin is one of the most potent neurotoxins, but when injected into an overactive muscle, it can transiently alleviate an involuntary movement, such as dystonia. The primary aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the various forms of dystonia observed in patients with Parkinson's disease who can benefit from a therapeutic trial of botulinum toxin. Although most of these indications are not supported by randomized controlled clinical trials and, therefore, not approved by the Food and Drug Administration, there are many open-label trials supporting a large body of empirical experience testifying to the benefits of botulinum toxin treatment in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charenya Anandan
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Neurology Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Ni P, Xu YY, Wang LN, Cao JQ, Luo WF, Zhang QL, Li X, Zhou XP, Liu J. Evaluation of therapeutic benefits of botulinum toxin for foot dystonia associated with Parkinson's disease. Toxicon 2024; 238:107587. [PMID: 38142904 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot dystonia occurs in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and leads to pain, malformation, and difficulty with walking. Botulinum toxin injections may be effective for foot dystonia, but the extent of improvement and effects on motor function are unclear. METHODS In this study, we performed botulinum toxin injections for foot dystonia in 25 patients with PD. At 3 weeks and 3 months post-infection, we assessed changes in plantar pressure distribution utilizing the Pressure Plate system; dystonia using the Modified Ashworth Spasm score; pain using the visual analog scale (VAS) score; and lower extremity function using the Calf-raise Senior (CRS) test, Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and gait parameters (eg, stride length, step length). RESULTS We found improved Modified Ashworth Spasm score (p < 0.01) and VAS score (p < 0.01) post-injection. CRS test score (3 weeks, p = 0.006; 3 months, p = 0.068), stride length (3 weeks, p = 0.012; 3 months, p = 0.715), and step length (3 weeks, p = 0.011; 3 months, p = 0.803) also improved. Plantar pressure distribution improved after botulinum toxin injection (metatarsal 1, 3 weeks, p = 0.031; 3 months, p = 0.144; metatarsal 2, 3 weeks, p = 0.049; 3 months, p = 0.065; metatarsal 3, 3 weeks, p = 0.002; 3 months, p = 0.017; metatarsal 4, 3 weeks, p = 0.017; 3 months, p = 0.144; medial heel, 3 weeks, p = 0.01; 3 months, p = 0.395; lateral heel, 3 weeks, p = 0.035; 3 months, p = 0.109). CONCLUSION Botulinum toxin injection for foot dystonia in patients with PD can reduce spasms and pain and normalize plantar pressure distribution, which improves balance and lower extremity function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ni
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Xu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin-Na Wang
- Lanzhou Biotechnique Development Co., LTD, China
| | - Jia-Qian Cao
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei-Feng Luo
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xu-Ping Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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Yang Y, Zhang T, Liu L, Shan L, Hu X, Yang L, Gao F, Xiaoli W, Li H. Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin for treating motor dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e060274. [PMID: 37328181 PMCID: PMC10277107 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin (BTX) for motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Searches of PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library, from database inception to 20 October 2022. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies reported in English with adult PD patients treated with BTX. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Primary outcomes were United Parkinson's Disease Rate Scale Section (UPDRS) III (or its items) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes were UPDRS-II (or its items), Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOG-Q), Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). Mean difference (MD) or standardised MD (SMD) before and after treatment with 95% CIs were used for continuous variables and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs was used for TRAEs. RESULTS Six randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and six non-RCTs (case series) were included (ntotal=224 participants, nRCT=165). No significant difference was found in pooled results of UPDRS-III (available in four RCTs and two non-RCTs, SMD=-0.19, 95% CI -0.98 to 0.60), UPDRS-II (four RCTs and one non-RCT, SMD=-0.55, 95% CI -1.22 to 0.13), FOG-Q (one RCT and one non-RCT, SMD=0.53, 95% CI -1.93 to 2.98) or the risk of TRAEs (five RCTs, RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.37 to 2.01). Significant decreases were found in pooled VAS score (three RCTs and five non-RCTs, MD=-2.14, 95% CI -3.05 to -1.23) and TUG (MD=-2.06, 95% CI -2.91 to -1.20) after BTX treatment. CONCLUSIONS BTX may not be associated with motor symptoms alleviation, although it benefits pain alleviation and functional mobility improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Yang
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixu Liu
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Shan
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Hu
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyu Yang
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Xiaoli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanzhi Li
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Jabbari B, Comtesse SM. Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Motor Disorders in Parkinson Disease-A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020081. [PMID: 36828396 PMCID: PMC9960770 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an up-to-date literature account on the efficacy of Botulinum toxin treatment for common motor disorders of Parkinson Disease. The reviewed disorders include the common motor disorders in PD such as tremor, focal foot dystonia, rigidity and freezing of gait (FOG). In the area of Parkinson tremor, two newly described evaluation/injection techniques (Yale method in USA and Western University method in Canada) offer efficacy with low incidence of hand and finger weakness as side effects. Blinded studies conducted on foot dystonia of PD indicate that botulinum toxin injections into toe flexors are efficacious in alleviating this form of dystonia. Small, blinded studies suggest improvement of Parkinson rigidity after botulinum toxin injection; proof of this claim, however, requires information from larger, blinded clinical trials. In FOG, the improvement reported in open label studies could not be substantiated in blinded investigations. However, there is room for further controlled studies that include the proximal lower limb muscles in the injection plan and/or use higher doses of the injected toxin for this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Jabbari
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Correspondence:
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Cao Z, Rao R, Wu T, Chen S, Xing S, Han Y. Botulinum toxin type A treatment of four cases of Wilson disease with lower limb dystonia: A prospective study. Toxicon 2022; 221:106959. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ankle-Injury Patients Perform More Microadjustments during Walking: Evidence from Velocity Profiles in Gait Analysis. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:3057270. [PMID: 35035530 PMCID: PMC8758300 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3057270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We evaluated the velocity profiles of patients with lateral collateral ligament (LCL) injuries of the ankle with a goal of understanding the control mechanism involved in walking. Methods We tracked motions of patients' legs and feet in 30 gait cycles recorded from patients with LCL injuries of the ankle and compared them to 50 gait cycles taken from normal control subjects. Seventeen markers were placed on the foot following the Heidelberg foot measurement model. Velocity profiles and microadjustments of the knee, ankle, and foot were calculated during different gait phases and compared between the patient and control groups. Results Patients had a smaller first rocker percentage and larger second rocker percentage in the gait cycle compared to controls. Patients also displayed shorter stride length and slower strides and performed more microadjustments in the second rocker phase than in other rocker/swing phases. Patients' mean velocities of the knee, ankle, and foot in the second rocker phase were also significantly higher than that in control subjects. Discussion. Evidence from velocity profiles suggested that patients with ligament injury necessitated more musculoskeletal microadjustments to maintain body balance, but these may also be due to secondary injury. Precise descriptions of the spatiotemporal gait characteristics are therefore crucial for our understanding of movement control during locomotion.
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Brandín-de la Cruz N, Calvo S, Rodríguez-Blanco C, Herrero P, Bravo-Esteban E. Effects of dry needling on gait and muscle tone in Parkinson's disease: a randomized clinical trial. Acupunct Med 2021; 40:3-12. [PMID: 34541889 DOI: 10.1177/09645284211039232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in gait and muscular rigidity are common and disabling in persons with Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether a single dry needling (DN) session can promote changes in gait and muscle tone in the lower extremities as well as in the evolution of the disease in persons with PD. METHODS A randomized double-blind clinical trial was designed. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG) that received a session of DN over the semitendinosus, medial gastrocnemius, soleus and rectus femoris muscles, or to a control group (CG) that received a session of sham DN in the same muscles. The effects of DN were assessed using the timed up and go test (TUG), 10 meter walk test (10MWT), 6 minute walk test (6MWT) and myotonometry before, immediately after, and 7 days after the intervention. RESULTS Thirty-three participants were analyzed aged 69.9 ± 7.2 years (mean ± SD; 39% female). There were no significant differences between the IG and CG for any outcomes. Significant differences were observed when comparing the Pre and Follow-up values in the IG for functional mobility of gait in the TUG (p = 0.049), gait speed in the 10MWT (p = 0.041) and muscle tone in the lower extremities by myotonometry (frequency (p = 0.027) and stiffness (p = 0.013)). By comparison, there were no significant within-group differences in the CG. CONCLUSION A single session of DN had no measurable benefit compared to a single session of sham DN. Within-group changes in the IG suggested improvements in functional mobility of gait and gait speed, as well as changes in the muscle tone in the lower extremities of PD patients, which could be worthy of further exploration by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cleofás Rodríguez-Blanco
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Herrero
- Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Bravo-Esteban
- Department of Nursing, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Toledo Physiotherapy Research Group (GIFTO), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Nowak Z, Chęciński M, Nitecka-Buchta A, Bulanda S, Ilczuk-Rypuła D, Postek-Stefańska L, Baron S. Intramuscular Injections and Dry Needling within Masticatory Muscles in Management of Myofascial Pain. Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189552. [PMID: 34574476 PMCID: PMC8465617 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Myofascial pain is an important cause of disability among the whole population, and it is a common symptom of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs). Its management techniques vary widely; however, in recent years, there has been a growing interest especially in needling therapies within masticatory muscles, due to their simplicity and effectiveness in pain reduction. Methods: The construction of the following study is based on PICOS and PRISMA protocols. A systematic literature search was conducted based on the PubMed and BASE search engines. Searching the abovementioned databases yielded a total of 367 articles. The screening procedure and analysis of full texts resulted in the inclusion of 28 articles for detailed analysis. Results: According to analyzed data, clinicians manage myofascial pain either with wet or dry needling therapies. The most thoroughly studied approach that prevails significantly within the clinical trials is injecting the botulinum toxin into the masseter and temporalis. Other common methods are the application of local anesthetics or dry needling; however, we notice the introduction of entirely new substances, such as platelet-rich plasma or collagen. In the analyzed articles, the target muscles for the needling therapies are most commonly localized by manual palpation although there are a variety of navigational support systems described: EMG, MRI or EIP electrotherapy equipment, which often aid the access to located deeper lateral and medial pterygoid muscle. Conclusions: Needling therapies within masticatory muscles provide satisfactory effects while being simple, safe and accessible procedures although there still is a need for high quality clinical trials investigating especially injections of non-Botox substances and needling within lateral and medial pterygoid muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Nowak
- Department of Temporomandibular Disorders, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Traugutta sq. 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (A.N.-B.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maciej Chęciński
- Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Nitecka-Buchta
- Department of Temporomandibular Disorders, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Traugutta sq. 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (A.N.-B.); (S.B.)
| | - Sylwia Bulanda
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Traugutta sq. 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (S.B.); (D.I.-R.); (L.P.-S.)
| | - Danuta Ilczuk-Rypuła
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Traugutta sq. 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (S.B.); (D.I.-R.); (L.P.-S.)
| | - Lidia Postek-Stefańska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Traugutta sq. 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (S.B.); (D.I.-R.); (L.P.-S.)
| | - Stefan Baron
- Department of Temporomandibular Disorders, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Traugutta sq. 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (A.N.-B.); (S.B.)
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Effects of Onabotulinum Toxin A on Gait in Parkinson's Disease Patients with Foot Dystonia. Can J Neurol Sci 2021; 49:123-128. [PMID: 33685541 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2021.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of botulinum toxin on gait in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with foot dystonia. Six patients underwent onabotulinum toxin A injection and were assessed by Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS), visual analog scale (VAS) of pain, Timed Up and Go (TUG), Berg Balance Test (BBT), and 3D gait analysis at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months. BFMDRS (p = 0.002), VAS (p = 0.024), TUG (p = 0.028), and BBT (p = 0.034) were improved. Foot pressures at Toe 1 (p = 0.028) and Midfoot (p = 0.018) were reduced, indicating botulinum toxin's effects in alleviating the dystonia severity and pain and improving foot pressures during walking in PD.
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Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Appraisal. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020087. [PMID: 33503872 PMCID: PMC7910947 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For well over 30 years, the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has been used for a large number of indications, some of which however have not been licensed. Admittedly, approval varies in many countries and this permits a large spectrum for evaluation. Thus, BoNT is used for patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other Parkinson’s syndromes (PS) in varying degrees of frequency. We have to distinguish between (1) indications that are either approved or (2) those not approved, (3) indications that might be a result of PS and (4) finally those which appear independent of PS. The most important indication for BoNT in PS patients is probably sialorrhea, for which approval has been granted in the majority of countries. Cervical dystonia is a frequent symptom in PS, with anterocollis as a specific entity. A further indication is blepharospasm in the different forms, especially the inhibition of eyelid opening in atypical PS. The use of BoNT in cases of camptocormia, the Pisa syndrome and neck rigidity is still a matter of debate. In dystonia of the extremities BoNT can be recommended, especially in dystonia of the feet. One well-known indication, for which however sufficient data are still lacking, involves treating tremor with BoNT. As to autonomic symptoms: Focal hyperhidrosis and detrusor hyperactivity can be mentioned, in this last case BoNT has already been approved. A number of further but rare indications such as freezing-of-gait, dyskinesia, and dysphagia will be discussed and evaluated.
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Anandan C, Jankovic J. Botulinum Toxin in Movement Disorders: An Update. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010042. [PMID: 33430071 PMCID: PMC7827923 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its initial approval in 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of blepharospasm and other facial spasms, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has evolved into a therapeutic modality for a variety of neurological and non-neurological disorders. With respect to neurologic movement disorders, BoNT has been reported to be effective for the treatment of dystonia, bruxism, tremors, tics, myoclonus, restless legs syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, and a variety of symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. More recently, research with BoNT has expanded beyond its use as a powerful muscle relaxant and a peripherally active drug to its potential central nervous system applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Although BoNT is the most potent biologic toxin, when it is administered by knowledgeable and experienced clinicians, it is one of the safest therapeutic agents in clinical use. The primary aim of this article is to provide an update on recent advances in BoNT research with a focus on novel applications in the treatment of movement disorders. This comprehensive review of the literature provides a critical review of evidence-based clinical trials and highlights recent innovative pilot studies.
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Bledsoe IO, Viser AC, San Luciano M. Treatment of Dystonia: Medications, Neurotoxins, Neuromodulation, and Rehabilitation. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1622-1644. [PMID: 33095402 PMCID: PMC7851280 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a complex disorder with numerous presentations occurring in isolation or in combination with other neurologic symptoms. Its treatment has been significantly improved with the advent of botulinum toxin and deep brain stimulation in recent years, though additional investigation is needed to further refine these interventions. Medications are of critical importance in forms of dopa-responsive dystonia but can be beneficial in other forms of dystonia as well. Many different rehabilitative paradigms have been studied with variable benefit. There is growing interest in noninvasive stimulation as a potential treatment, but with limited long-term benefit shown to date, and additional research is needed. This article reviews existing evidence for treatments from each of these categories. To date, there are many examples of incomplete response to available treatments, and improved therapies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian O. Bledsoe
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1635 Divisadero St., Suite 520, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Aaron C. Viser
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1635 Divisadero St., Suite 520, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Marta San Luciano
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1635 Divisadero St., Suite 520, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
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