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Lee ZY, Lee WH, Lim JS, Ali AAA, Loo JSE, Wibowo A, Mohammat MF, Foo JB. Golgi apparatus targeted therapy in cancer: Are we there yet? Life Sci 2024; 352:122868. [PMID: 38936604 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking within the Golgi apparatus plays a pivotal role in the intracellular transportation of lipids and proteins. Dysregulation of this process can give rise to various pathological manifestations, including cancer. Exploiting Golgi defects, cancer cells capitalise on aberrant membrane trafficking to facilitate signal transduction, proliferation, invasion, immune modulation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Despite the identification of several molecular signalling pathways associated with Golgi abnormalities, there remains a lack of approved drugs specifically targeting cancer cells through the manipulation of the Golgi apparatus. In the initial section of this comprehensive review, the focus is directed towards delineating the abnormal Golgi genes and proteins implicated in carcinogenesis. Subsequently, a thorough examination is conducted on the impact of these variations on Golgi function, encompassing aspects such as vesicular trafficking, glycosylation, autophagy, oxidative mechanisms, and pH alterations. Lastly, the review provides a current update on promising Golgi apparatus-targeted inhibitors undergoing preclinical and/or clinical trials, offering insights into their potential as therapeutic interventions. Significantly more effort is required to advance these potential inhibitors to benefit patients in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Hwei Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jing Sheng Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Afiqah Ali Ajmel Ali
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jason Siau Ee Loo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Agustono Wibowo
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pahang, Jengka Campus, 26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fazli Mohammat
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Liu M, Wang K, Wei J, Liu N, Niu G, Tan H, Huang Y. Comparative and Functional Analyses Reveal Conserved and Variable Regulatory Systems That Control Lasalocid Biosynthesis in Different Streptomyces Species. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0385222. [PMID: 36847561 PMCID: PMC10100954 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03852-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lasalocid, a representative polyether ionophore, has been successfully applied in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry and also displays promising potential for cancer therapy. Nevertheless, the regulatory system governing lasalocid biosynthesis remains obscure. Here, we identified two conserved (lodR2 and lodR3) and one variable (lodR1, found only in Streptomyces sp. strain FXJ1.172) putative regulatory genes through a comparison of the lasalocid biosynthetic gene cluster (lod) from Streptomyces sp. FXJ1.172 with those (las and lsd) from Streptomyces lasalocidi. Gene disruption experiments demonstrated that both lodR1 and lodR3 positively regulate lasalocid biosynthesis in Streptomyces sp. FXJ1.172, while lodR2 plays a negative regulatory role. To unravel the regulatory mechanism, transcriptional analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) along with footprinting experiments were performed. The results revealed that LodR1 and LodR2 could bind to the intergenic regions of lodR1-lodAB and lodR2-lodED, respectively, thereby repressing the transcription of the lodAB and lodED operons, respectively. The repression of lodAB-lodC by LodR1 likely boosts lasalocid biosynthesis. Furthermore, LodR2 and LodE constitute a repressor-activator system that senses changes in intracellular lasalocid concentrations and coordinates its biosynthesis. LodR3 could directly activate the transcription of key structural genes. Comparative and parallel functional analyses of the homologous genes in S. lasalocidi ATCC 31180T confirmed the conserved roles of lodR2, lodE, and lodR3 in controlling lasalocid biosynthesis. Intriguingly, the variable gene locus lodR1-lodC from Streptomyces sp. FXJ1.172 seems functionally conserved when introduced into S. lasalocidi ATCC 31180T. Overall, our findings demonstrate that lasalocid biosynthesis is tightly controlled by both conserved and variable regulators, providing valuable guidance for further improving lasalocid production. IMPORTANCE Compared to its elaborated biosynthetic pathway, the regulation of lasalocid biosynthesis remains obscure. Here, we characterize the roles of regulatory genes in lasalocid biosynthetic gene clusters of two distinct Streptomyces species and identify a conserved repressor-activator system, LodR2-LodE, which could sense changes in the concentration of lasalocid and coordinate its biosynthesis with self-resistance. Furthermore, in parallel, we verify that the regulatory system identified in a new Streptomyces isolate is valid in the industrial lasalocid producer and thus applicable for the construction of high-yield strains. These findings deepen our understanding of regulatory mechanisms involved in the production of polyether ionophores and provide novel clues for the rational design of industrial strains for scaled-up production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kairui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huarong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Knoche L, Lisec J, Koch M. Analysis of electrochemical and liver microsomal transformation products of lasalocid by LC/HRMS. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9349. [PMID: 35781351 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lasalocid (LAS), an ionophore, is used in cattle and poultry farming as feed additive for its antibiotic and growth-promoting properties. Literature on transformation products (TP) resulting from LAS degradation is limited. So far, only hydroxylation is found to occur as the metabolic reaction during the LAS degradation. To investigate potential TPs of LAS, we used electrochemistry (EC) and liver microsome (LM) assays to synthesize TPs, which were identified using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS). METHODS Electrochemically produced TPs were analyzed online by direct coupling of the electrochemical cell to the electrospray ionization (ESI) source of a Sciex Triple-TOF high resolution mass spectrometer. Then, EC-treated LAS solution was collected and analyzed offline using LC/HRMS to confirm stable TPs and improve their annotation with a chemical structure due to informative MS/MS spectra. In a complementary approach, TPs formed by rat and human microsomal incubation were investigated using LC/HRMS. The resulting data were used to investigate LAS modification reactions and elucidate the chemical structure of obtained TPs. RESULTS The online measurements identified a broad variety of TPs, resulting from modification reactions like (de-)hydrogenation, hydration, methylation, oxidation as well as adduct formation with methanol. We consistently observed different ion complexations of LAS and LAS-TPs (Na+ ; 2Na+ K+ ; NaNH4 + ; KNH4 + ). Two stable methylated EC-TPs were found, structurally annotated, and assigned to a likely modification reaction. Using LM incubation, seven TPs were formed, mostly by oxidation/hydroxylation. After the identification of LM-TPs as Na+ -complexes, we identified LM-TPs as K+ -complexes. CONCLUSION We identified and characterized TPs of LAS using EC- and LM-based methods. Moreover, we found different ion complexes of LAS-based TPs. This knowledge, especially the different ion complexes, may help elucidate the metabolic and environmental degradation pathways of LAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Knoche
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Organic Trace Analysis and Food Analysis, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jan Lisec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Organic Trace Analysis and Food Analysis, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Organic Trace Analysis and Food Analysis, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
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4
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Wu Y, Mahtal N, Paillares E, Swistak L, Sagadiev S, Acharya M, Demeret C, Werf SVD, Guivel-Benhassine F, Schwartz O, Petracchini S, Mettouchi A, Caramelle L, Couvineau P, Thai R, Barbe P, Keck M, Brodin P, Machelart A, Sencio V, Trottein F, Sachse M, Chicanne G, Payrastre B, Ville F, Kreis V, Popoff MR, Johannes L, Cintrat JC, Barbier J, Gillet D, Lemichez E. C910 chemical compound inhibits the traffiking of several bacterial AB toxins with cross-protection against influenza virus. iScience 2022; 25:104537. [PMID: 35769882 PMCID: PMC9234246 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of anti-infectives against a large range of AB-like toxin-producing bacteria includes the identification of compounds disrupting toxin transport through both the endolysosomal and retrograde pathways. Here, we performed a high-throughput screening of compounds blocking Rac1 proteasomal degradation triggered by the Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor-1 (CNF1) toxin, which was followed by orthogonal screens against two toxins that hijack the endolysosomal (diphtheria toxin) or retrograde (Shiga-like toxin 1) pathways to intoxicate cells. This led to the identification of the molecule C910 that induces the enlargement of EEA1-positive early endosomes associated with sorting defects of CNF1 and Shiga toxins to their trafficking pathways. C910 protects cells against eight bacterial AB toxins and the CNF1-mediated pathogenic Escherichia coli invasion. Interestingly, C910 reduces influenza A H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 viral infection in vitro. Moreover, parenteral administration of C910 to mice resulted in its accumulation in lung tissues and a reduction in lethal influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, UMR CNRS 6047, Inserm U1306, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Nassim Mahtal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eléa Paillares
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, UMR CNRS 6047, Inserm U1306, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Léa Swistak
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, UMR CNRS 6047, Inserm U1306, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sara Sagadiev
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Jack R MacDonald Building, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Mridu Acharya
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Jack R MacDonald Building, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Caroline Demeret
- Unité Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université de Paris, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Van Der Werf
- Unité Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université de Paris, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Florence Guivel-Benhassine
- Unité virus et immunité, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Unité virus et immunité, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Serena Petracchini
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, UMR CNRS 6047, Inserm U1306, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Amel Mettouchi
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, UMR CNRS 6047, Inserm U1306, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Caramelle
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Couvineau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Robert Thai
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Peggy Barbe
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mathilde Keck
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 9017, University of Lille, CHU Lille- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Machelart
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 9017, University of Lille, CHU Lille- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Valentin Sencio
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 9017, University of Lille, CHU Lille- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 9017, University of Lille, CHU Lille- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Martin Sachse
- Unité Technologie et service BioImagerie Ultrastructurale, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Chicanne
- Inserm, UMR1297 and Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, I2MC, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- Inserm, UMR1297 and Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, I2MC, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Florian Ville
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Victor Kreis
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel-Robert Popoff
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, UMR CNRS 6047, Inserm U1306, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Cellular and Chemical Biology unit, Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery team, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Cintrat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Barbier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Gillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, UMR CNRS 6047, Inserm U1306, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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Dembitsky VM. Natural Polyether Ionophores and Their Pharmacological Profile. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:292. [PMID: 35621943 PMCID: PMC9144361 DOI: 10.3390/md20050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the study of the biological activity of polyether ionophores produced by bacteria, unicellular marine algae, red seaweeds, marine sponges, and coelenterates. Biological activities have been studied experimentally in various laboratories, as well as data obtained using QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) algorithms. According to the data obtained, it was shown that polyether toxins exhibit strong antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumor, and other activities. Along with this, it was found that natural polyether ionophores exhibit such properties as antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, cytostatic, anti-mycoplasmal, and antieczema activities. In addition, polyethers have been found to be potential regulators of lipid metabolism or inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Further study of the mechanisms of action and the search for new polyether ionophores and their derivatives may provide more effective therapeutic natural polyether ionophores for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. For some polyether ionophores, 3D graphs are presented, which demonstrate the predicted and calculated activities. The data presented in this review will be of interest to pharmacologists, chemists, practical medicine, and the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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Abasian P, Shakibi S, Maniati MS, Nouri Khorasani S, Khalili S. Targeted delivery, drug release strategies, and toxicity study of polymeric drug nanocarriers. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Payam Abasian
- Department of Chemical Engineering Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
| | - Sepideh Shakibi
- Department of Textile Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnique) Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeed Maniati
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | | | - Shahla Khalili
- Department of Chemical Engineering Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
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7
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Abdelkafi H, Michau A, Pons V, Ngadjeua F, Clerget A, Ait Ouarab L, Buisson DA, Montoir D, Caramelle L, Gillet D, Barbier J, Cintrat JC. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Retro-1 Analogues against Shiga Toxin. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8114-8133. [PMID: 32648758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening has shown that Retro-1 inhibits ricin and Shiga toxins by diminishing their intracellular trafficking via the retrograde route, from early endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. To improve the activity of Retro-1, a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was undertaken and yielded an analogue with a roughly 70-fold better half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) against Shiga toxin cytotoxicity measured in a cell protein synthesis assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Abdelkafi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurélien Michau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Valérie Pons
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Flora Ngadjeua
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandra Clerget
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lilia Ait Ouarab
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David-Alexandre Buisson
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Montoir
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lucie Caramelle
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Gillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Barbier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Cintrat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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