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Choudhary S, Khan S, Rustagi S, Rajpal VR, Khan NS, Kumar N, Thomas G, Pandey A, Hamurcu M, Gezgin S, Zargar SM, Khan MK. Immunomodulatory Effect of Phytoactive Compounds on Human Health: A Narrative Review Integrated with Bioinformatics Approach. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:1075-1100. [PMID: 38551050 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266274272240321065039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunomodulation is the modification of immune responses to control disease progression. While the synthetic immunomodulators have proven efficacy, they are coupled with toxicity and other adverse effects, and hence, the efforts were to identify natural phytochemicals with immunomodulatory potential. OBJECTIVE To understand the immunomodulatory properties of various phytochemicals and investigate them in Echinacea species extracts using an in silico approach. METHODOLOGY Several scientific database repositories were searched using different keywords: "Phytochemicals," "Alkaloids," "Polyphenols," "Flavonoids," "Lectins," "Glycosides," "Tannins," "Terpenoids," "Sterols," "Immunomodulators," and "Human Immune System" without any language restriction. Additionally, the study specifically investigated the immunomodulatory properties of Echinacea species extracts using gene expression analysis of GSE12259 from NCBI-GEO through the Bioconductor package GEOquery and limma. RESULTS A total of 182 studies were comprehensively analyzed to understand immunomodulatory phytochemicals. The in silico analysis highlighted key biological processes (positive regulation of cytokine production, response to tumor necrosis factor) and molecular functions (cytokine receptor binding, receptor-ligand activity, and cytokine activity) among Echinacea species extracts contributing to immune responses. Further, it also indicated the association of various metabolic pathways, i.e., pathways in cancer, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NF-kappa B, PI3K-Akt, TNF, MAPK, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways, with immune responses. The study revealed various hub targets, including CCL20, CCL4, GCH1, SLC7A11, SOD2, EPB41L3, TNFAIP6, GCLM, EGR1, and FOS. CONCLUSION The present study presents a cumulative picture of phytochemicals with therapeutic benefits. Additionally, the study also reported a few novel genes and pathways in Echinacea extracts by re-analyzing GSE 12259 indicating its anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheeba Khan
- Department of Food Technology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, 21107, India
| | - Shivani Rustagi
- Department of Food Processing and Technology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201312, India
| | - Vijay Rani Rajpal
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Noor Saba Khan
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110091, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110091, India
| | - George Thomas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, 21107, India
| | - Anamika Pandey
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hamurcu
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079, Turkey
| | - Sait Gezgin
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079, Turkey
| | - Sajad Majeed Zargar
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, 190025, India
| | - Mohd Kamran Khan
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079, Turkey
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Ahmadi F, Samadi A, Sepehr E, Rahimi A, Shabala S. Morphological, phytochemical, and essential oil changes induced by different nitrogen supply forms and salinity stress in Echinacea purpurea L. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Burlou-Nagy C, Bănică F, Jurca T, Vicaș LG, Marian E, Muresan ME, Bácskay I, Kiss R, Fehér P, Pallag A. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench: Biological and Pharmacological Properties. A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091244. [PMID: 35567246 PMCID: PMC9102300 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (EP)is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant, commonly known as purple coneflower and it belongs to the Asteraceae family. The Echinacea genus is originally from North America, in the United States, and its species are widely distributed throughout. There are nine different species of Echinacea, but only three of them are used as medicinal plants with wide therapeutic uses: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. and Echinacea angustifolia DC. Several significant groups of bioactive compounds with pharmacological activities have been isolated from Echinacea species. Numerous beneficial effects have been demonstrated about these compounds. The immunomodulatory effect was initially demonstrated, but over time other effects have also been highlighted. The present review gives a comprehensive summary of the chemical constituents, bioactive compounds, biological effects and therapeutical uses of purple coneflower. Research shows that such a well-known and recognized species needs to be further studied to obtain efficient products with a guarantee of the safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Burlou-Nagy
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (F.B.); (T.J.); (L.G.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Florin Bănică
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (F.B.); (T.J.); (L.G.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Tünde Jurca
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (F.B.); (T.J.); (L.G.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Laura Grațiela Vicaș
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (F.B.); (T.J.); (L.G.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Eleonora Marian
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (F.B.); (T.J.); (L.G.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Mariana Eugenia Muresan
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410068 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Rita Kiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Annamaria Pallag
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (F.B.); (T.J.); (L.G.V.); (E.M.)
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Increasing medicinal and phytochemical compounds of coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) as affected by NO 3-/NH 4+ ratio and perlite particle size in hydroponics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15202. [PMID: 34312445 PMCID: PMC8313566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94589-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are considered as one of the most important sources of chemical compounds, so preparing a suitable culture media for medicinal plant growth is a critical factor. The present study is aimed to improve the caffeic acid derivatives and alkylamides percentages of Echinacea purpurea root extract in hydroponic culture media with different perlite particle size and NO3-/NH4+ ratios. Perlite particle size in the growing media was varied as very coarse perlite (more than 2 mm), coarse perlite (1.5-2 mm), medium perlite (1-1.5 mm), fine perlite (0.5-1 mm), and very fine perlite (less than 0.5 mm) in different ratios to peat moss (including pure perlite, 50:50 v/v, 30:70 v/v, and pure peat moss). Two NO3-/NH4+ ratios (90:10 and 70:30) were tested in each growing media. All phytochemical analyses were performed according to standard methods using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was found that the E. purpurea grown in the medium containing very fine-grade perlite with 50:50 v/v perlite to peat moss ratio had the maximum caffeic acid derivatives, including chicoric acid (17 mg g-1 DW), caftaric acid (6.3 mg g-1 DW), chlorogenic acid (0.93 mg g-1 DW), cynarin (0.84 mg g-1 DW), and echinacoside (0.73 mg g-1 DW), as well as, alkylamides (54.21%). The percentages of these phytochemical compounds increased by decreasing perlite particle size and increasing of NO3-/NH4+ ratio. The major alkylamide in the E. purpurea root extract was dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z-10 (E/Z)-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide in all treatments, ranging from 31.12 to 54.21% of total dry weight. It can be concluded that optimizing hydroponic culture media and nutrient solution has significant effects on E. purpurea chemical compounds.
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Echinacea purpurea L. (Moench) Hemagglutinin Effect on Immune Response In Vivo. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050936. [PMID: 34067195 PMCID: PMC8151625 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea L. (Moench) is used in traditional and conventional medicine. However, there is lack of data on the biological activities of primary plant metabolite lectins. The aim of our experiment was to find out how lectin LysM (lysine motif), which was previously purified, affects the immune response in vivo. Eight-week-old BALB/c male mice (n = 15) received four weekly 250 μg/kg peritonial injections of purified Echinacea purpurea L. (Moench) roots’ LysM lectin. The control animal group (n = 15) received 50 μL peritoneal injections of fresh Echinacea purpurea L. (Moench) root tincture, and the negative control animal group (n = 15) received 50 μL peritoneal injections of physiological solution. At the fifth experimental week, the animals were sedated with carbon dioxide, and later euthanized by cervical dislocation, and then their blood and spleen samples were collected. The leukocytes’ formula and lymphocytes’ count was estimated in blood samples, the T lymphocytes’ density was evaluated in spleen zones. A statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference between each group was observed in the leukocytes’ formula (monocytes’ percentage, also little, medium and giant size lymphocytes). The purple coneflower fresh roots’ tincture significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the T lymphocytes’ quantity in peritoneal lymphoid sheaths (PALS) compared with the physiological solution injection’s group (p < 0.05) and the lectin injection’s group (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, lectin injections caused a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the T lymphocytes in a spleen PALS zone, compared with the physiological solution and tincture injection’s group. Our data suggests that LysM lectin acts as an immunostimulant, while fresh purple coneflower tincture causes immunosuppression.
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Ahmadi F, Samadi A, Sepehr E, Rahimi A, Shabala S. Optimizing hydroponic culture media and NO 3-/NH 4+ ratio for improving essential oil compositions of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:8009. [PMID: 33850194 PMCID: PMC8044233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants represent a valuable commodity due to beneficial effects of their natural products on human health, prompting a need for finding a way to optimize/increase their production. In this study, a novel growing media with various perlite particle size and its mixture with peat moss was tested for hydroponic-based production of Echinacea purpurea medicinal plant under greenhouse conditions. The plant growth parameters such as plant height, total fresh leave weight, fresh root weight, total biomass, total chlorophyll, leaf area, and essential oil compositions were assessed. Perlite particle size in the growing media was varied from very coarse (more than 2 mm) to very fine (less than 0.5 mm), and the ratio between perlite and peat moss varied from 50:50 v/v to 30:70 v/v. In addition, two nitrate (NO3−) to ammonium (NH4+) ratios (90:10 and 70:30) were tested for each growing media. The medium containing very fine-grade perlite and 50:50 v/v perlite to peat moss ratio was found to be most optimal and beneficial for E. purpurea performance, resulting in maximal plant height, fresh and dry weight, leaf surface area, and chlorophyll content. It was also found that an increase in NO3−/NH4+ ratio caused a significant increase in plant growth parameters and increase the plant essential oil content. The major terpene hydrocarbons found in extract of E. purpurea with the best growth parameters were germacrene D (51%), myrcene (15%), α-pinene (12%), β-caryophyllene (11%), and 1-Pentadecene (4.4%), respectively. The percentages of these terpene hydrocarbons were increased by increasing of NO3−/NH4+ ratio. It can be concluded that decreasing the perlite particle size and increasing the NO3−/NH4+ ratio increased the plant growth parameters and essential oil compositions in E. purpurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.,Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Abbas Samadi
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Sepehr
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amir Rahimi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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Ma R, Huang B, Chen J, Huang Z, Yu P, Ruan S, Zhang Z. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of dirigent-jacalin genes from plant chimeric lectins in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248318. [PMID: 33724993 PMCID: PMC7963094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirigent-jacalin (D-J) genes belong to the plant chimeric lectin family, and play vital roles in plant growth and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. To explore the functions of the D-J family in the growth and development of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene and protein structures, and expression patterns were analyzed in detail. Four putative PeD-J genes were identified in the Moso bamboo genome, and microsynteny and phylogenetic analyses indicated that they represent a new branch in the evolution of plant lectins. PeD-J proteins were found to be composed of a dirigent domain and a jacalin-related lectin domain, each of which contained two different motifs. Multiple sequence alignment and homologous modeling analysis indicated that the three-dimensional structure of the PeD-J proteins was significantly different compared to other plant lectins, primarily due to the tandem dirigent and jacalin domains. We surveyed the upstream putative promoter regions of the PeD-Js and found that they mainly contained cis-acting elements related to hormone and abiotic stress response. An analysis of the expression patterns of root, leaf, rhizome and panicle revealed that four PeD-J genes were highly expressed in the panicle, indicating that they may be required during the formation and development of several different tissue types in Moso bamboo. Moreover, PeD-J genes were shown to be involved in the rapid growth and development of bamboo shoots. Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT PCR) assays further verified that D-J family genes were responsive to hormones and stresses. The results of this study will help to elucidate the biological functions of PeD-Js during bamboo growth, development and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Forest Cultivation, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Forest Cultivation, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jialu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Forest Cultivation, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhinuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Forest Cultivation, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peiyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Forest Cultivation, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiyu Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Forest Cultivation, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Forest Cultivation, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Ahmadi F, Samadi A, Rahimi A. Improving growth properties and phytochemical compounds of Echinacea purpurea (L.) medicinal plant using novel nitrogen slow release fertilizer under greenhouse conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13842. [PMID: 32796914 PMCID: PMC7429836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plant production is most important than other agricultural plants due to their phytochemical compounds effects on human health. Paying attention to plant nutrition requirement is so important. In order to assess the effect of nitrate (NO3−) dosage supplies from two types of fertilizers on growth and phytochemical properties of Echinacea purpurea rhizomata cum radicibus, an experiment with completely simple design was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Two types of fertilizers (new invented nitrogen (N) slow release fertilizer and urea chemical fertilizer) at three dosages (50, 100, and 150 mM) were applied. Plant growth parameters and total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), polysaccarides content, essential oil content, caffeic acid derivatives, and anti-radical scavenging activities of E. purpurea were assessed. The results showed the significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences among treatments, both in growth and phytochemical properties. Using of N slow release, especially in 150 mM dosage, significantly increased all the plant growth and phytochemical properties. The dried E. purpurea rhizomata cum radicibus contained more caftaric acid (max 12.56 mg g−1 DW) and chicoric acid (max 7.56 mg g−1 DW) than other derivatives. Despite the impact of heavy metals on yield and growth of E. purpurea, the concentration of all heavy metals and micronutrients (boron (B), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) in studied soil and fertilizer samples was less than United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) limits of contamination. Based on the results, using of N slow release fertilizers can improve phytochemical properties of the plant due to its polymeric structure and can be a suitable substitution of chemical fertilizers, especially in medicinal plants growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Abbas Samadi
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amir Rahimi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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