1
|
He J, Yang X, Yang K, Xu H, Chen C, Wang J, Zeng J. TPST2-mediated receptor tyrosine sulfation enhances leukocidin cytotoxicity and S. aureus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242330. [PMID: 37671153 PMCID: PMC10476081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An essential fact underlying the severity of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection is the bicomponent leukocidins released by the pathogen to target and lyse host phagocytes through specific binding cell membrane receptors. However, little is known about the impact of post-transcriptional modification of receptors on the leukocidin binding. Method In this study, we used small interfering RNA library (Horizon/Dharmacon) to screen potential genes that affect leukocidin binding on receptors. The cell permeability was investigated through flow cytometry measuring the internalization of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Expression of C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 (C5aR1), sulfated C5aR1 in, and binding of 6x-His-tagged Hemolysin C (HlgC) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) slow-component to THP-1 cell lines was detected and analyzed via flow cytometry. Bacterial burden and Survival analysis experiment was conducted in WT and myeloid TPST-cko C57BL/6N mice. Results After short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of TPST2 gene in THP-1, HL-60, and RAW264.7, the cytotoxicity of HlgAB, HlgCB, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin on THP-1 or HL-60 cells was decreased significantly, and the cytotoxicity of HlgAB on RAW264.7 cells was also decreased significantly. Knockdown of TPST2 did not affect the C5aR1 expression but downregulated cell surface C5aR1 tyrosine sulfation on THP-1. In addition, we found that the binding of HlgC and LukS-PV on cell surface receptor C5aR1 was impaired in C5aR1+TPST2- and C5aR1-TPST2- cells. Phagocyte knockout of TPST2 protects mice from S. aureus infection and improves the survival of mice infected with S. aureus. Conclusion These results indicate that phagocyte TPST2 mediates the bicomponent leukocidin cytotoxicity by promoting cell membrane receptor sulfation modification that facilitates its binding to leukocidin S component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianggui Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | - Jun Zeng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tian S, Zhou N. Gaining New Insights into Fundamental Biological Pathways by Bacterial Toxin-Based Genetic Screens. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:884. [PMID: 37627769 PMCID: PMC10451959 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic screen technology has been applied to study the mechanism of action of bacterial toxins-a special class of virulence factors that contribute to the pathogenesis caused by bacterial infections. These screens aim to identify host factors that directly or indirectly facilitate toxin intoxication. Additionally, specific properties of certain toxins, such as membrane interaction, retrograde trafficking, and carbohydrate binding, provide robust probes to comprehensively investigate the lipid biosynthesis, membrane vesicle transport, and glycosylation pathways, respectively. This review specifically focuses on recent representative toxin-based genetic screens that have identified new players involved in and provided new insights into fundamental biological pathways, such as glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, protein glycosylation, and membrane vesicle trafficking pathways. Functionally characterizing these newly identified factors not only expands our current understanding of toxin biology but also enables a deeper comprehension of fundamental biological questions. Consequently, it stimulates the development of new therapeutic approaches targeting both bacterial infectious diseases and genetic disorders with defects in these factors and pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songhai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nini Zhou
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jeon Y, Chow SH, Stuart I, Weir A, Yeung AT, Hale C, Sridhar S, Dougan G, Vince JE, Naderer T. FBXO11 governs macrophage cell death and inflammation in response to bacterial toxins. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201735. [PMID: 36977592 PMCID: PMC10053445 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes severe infections such as pneumonia and sepsis depending on the pore-forming toxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). PVL kills and induces inflammation in macrophages and other myeloid cells by interacting with the human cell surface receptor, complement 5a receptor 1 (C5aR1). C5aR1 expression is tighly regulated and may thus modulate PVL activity, although the mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. Here, we used a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen and identified F-box protein 11 (FBXO11), an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex member, to promote PVL toxicity. Genetic deletion of FBXO11 reduced the expression of C5aR1 at the mRNA level, whereas ectopic expression of C5aR1 in FBXO11-/- macrophages, or priming with LPS, restored C5aR1 expression and thereby PVL toxicity. In addition to promoting PVL-mediated killing, FBXO11 dampens secretion of IL-1β after NLRP3 activation in response to bacterial toxins by reducing mRNA levels in a BCL-6-dependent and BCL-6-independent manner. Overall, these findings highlight that FBXO11 regulates C5aR1 and IL-1β expression and controls macrophage cell death and inflammation following PVL exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusun Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Seong H Chow
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Isabella Stuart
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ashley Weir
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Amy Ty Yeung
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine Hale
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sushmita Sridhar
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James E Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lambey P, Otun O, Cong X, Hoh F, Brunel L, Verdié P, Grison CM, Peysson F, Jeannot S, Durroux T, Bechara C, Granier S, Leyrat C. Structural insights into recognition of chemokine receptors by Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxins. eLife 2022; 11:72555. [PMID: 35311641 PMCID: PMC9005193 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) leukocidin ED (LukED) belongs to a family of bicomponent pore forming toxins that play important roles in SA immune evasion and nutrient acquisition. LukED targets specific G protein-coupled chemokine receptors to lyse human erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells). The first recognition step of receptors is critical for specific cell targeting and lysis. The structural and molecular bases for this mechanism are not well understood but could constitute essential information to guide antibiotic development. Here, we characterized the interaction of LukE with chemokine receptors ACKR1, CCR2, and CCR5 using a combination of structural, pharmacological, and computational approaches. First, crystal structures of LukE in complex with a small molecule mimicking sulfotyrosine side chain (p-cresyl sulfate) and with peptides containing sulfotyrosines issued from receptor sequences revealed the location of receptor sulfotyrosine binding sites in the toxins. Then, by combining previous and novel experimental data with protein docking, classical and accelerated weight histogram (AWH) molecular dynamics we propose models of the ACKR1-LukE and CCR5-LukE complexes. This work provides novel insights into chemokine receptor recognition by leukotoxins and suggests that the conserved sulfotyrosine binding pocket could be a target of choice for future drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lambey
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Omolade Otun
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Xiaojing Cong
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - François Hoh
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Brunel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Verdié
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire M Grison
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Fanny Peysson
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Jeannot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durroux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Cherine Bechara
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Granier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Leyrat
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The application of genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens to dissect the molecular mechanisms of toxins. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5076-5084. [PMID: 36187925 PMCID: PMC9489804 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many toxins are life-threatening to both animals and humans. However, specific antidotes are not available for most of those toxins. The molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicology of well-known toxins are not yet fully characterized. Recently, the advance in CRISPR-Cas9 technologies has greatly accelerated the process of revealing the toxic mechanisms of some common toxins on hosts from a genome-wide perspective. The high-throughput CRISPR screen has made it feasible to untangle complicated interactions between a particular toxin and its corresponding targeting tissue(s). In this review, we present an overview of recent advances in molecular dissection of toxins’ cytotoxicity by using genome-wide CRISPR screens, summarize the components essential for toxin-specific CRISPR screens, and propose new strategies for future research.
Collapse
|
6
|
Löffler B, Tuchscherr L. Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: Promoter or Handicap during Infection? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:287. [PMID: 33921743 PMCID: PMC8072895 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic and versatile pathogen that can cause several diseases, which range from acute and destructive, to chronic and difficult-to-treat infections [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Persistence in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Focus on Leukocidin ED. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110678. [PMID: 33126405 PMCID: PMC7692112 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is thought to be a multifactorial disease that includes a direct involvement of bacteria that trigger inflammation and contribute to CRS pathogenesis. Staphylococcus aureus infection and persistence is associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and it may be particularly relevant in the form with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). The large array of exotoxins deployed by S. aureus is instrumental for the bacterium to warrant its infection and dissemination in different human body districts. Here, we analyze the common Th2 environment in CRSwNP and prospect a possible dynamic role played by S. aureus leukocidins in promoting this chronic inflammation, considering leukocidin ED (LukED) as a strong prototype candidate worth of therapeutic investigation. CCR5 is an essential target for LukED to exert its cytotoxicity towards T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Therefore, CCR5 blockade might be an interesting therapeutic option for CRS and, more specifically, persistent and relapsing CRSwNP. In this perspective, the arsenal of CCR5 antagonists being developed to inhibit HIV-1 entry (CCR5 being the major HIV-1 co-receptor) could be easily repurposed for CRS therapeutic investigation. Finally, direct targeting of LukED by neutralizing antibodies could represent an important additional solution to S. aureus infection.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tromp AT, van Strijp JAG. Studying Staphylococcal Leukocidins: A Challenging Endeavor. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:611. [PMID: 32351474 PMCID: PMC7174503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known colonizer of the human skin and nose, but also a human pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of diseases. It is well established that S. aureus secretes an arsenal of virulence factors that have evolved to circumvent the human immune system. A major group of S. aureus virulence factors is the bi-component β-barrel pore-forming toxins, also known as leukocidins. These pore-forming toxins target specific cells of the innate and adaptive immune system by interacting with specific receptors expressed on the cell membrane. Even though still heavily debated, clinical and epidemiological studies suggest the involvement of one of the bi-component toxin, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL), as an important factor contributing to the epidemic spread and increased virulence of CA-MRSA strains. However, the host- and cell-specificity of PVL and other leukocidins, and the lack of adequate in vivo models, fuels the controversy and impairs the appropriate assessment of their role in S. aureus pathophysiology. Currently, the mechanisms of pore-formation and the contribution of PVL and other leukocidins to S. aureus pathophysiology are incompletely understood. This review summarizes our current understanding of leukocidin pore-formation, knowledge gaps, and highlights recent findings identifying novel host-factors involved in the toxin-host interface. As a result, this review furthers emphasizes the complexity behind S. aureus leukocidin cytotoxicity and the challenges associated in the quest to study and understand these major virulence factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelino T Tromp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|