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Nazareth TDM, Soriano Pérez E, Luz C, Meca G, Quiles JM. Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A Dynamics: Emergence, Toxicological Impact, and Advanced Control Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:1920. [PMID: 38928866 PMCID: PMC11203094 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi exhibit remarkable adaptability to diverse substrates and can synthesize a plethora of secondary metabolites. These metabolites, produced in response to environmental stimuli, not only confer selective advantages but also encompass potentially deleterious mycotoxins. Mycotoxins, exemplified by those originating from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species, represent challenging hazards to both human and animal health, thus warranting stringent regulatory control. Despite regulatory frameworks, mycotoxin contamination remains a pressing global challenge, particularly within cereal-based matrices and their derived by-products, integral components of animal diets. Strategies aimed at mitigating mycotoxin contamination encompass multifaceted approaches, including biological control modalities, detoxification procedures, and innovative interventions like essential oils. However, hurdles persist, underscoring the imperative for innovative interventions. This review elucidated the prevalence, health ramifications, regulatory paradigms, and evolving preventive strategies about two prominent mycotoxins, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. Furthermore, it explored the emergence of new fungal species, and biocontrol methods using lactic acid bacteria and essential mustard oil, emphasizing their efficacy in mitigating fungal spoilage and mycotoxin production. Through an integrative examination of these facets, this review endeavored to furnish a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted challenges posed by mycotoxin contamination and the emergent strategies poised to ameliorate its impact on food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago de Melo Nazareth
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (E.S.P.); (C.L.); (G.M.); (J.M.Q.)
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Ben Miri Y, Benabdallah A, Chentir I, Djenane D, Luvisi A, De Bellis L. Comprehensive Insights into Ochratoxin A: Occurrence, Analysis, and Control Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:1184. [PMID: 38672856 PMCID: PMC11049263 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic mycotoxin produced by some mold species from genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. OTA has been detected in cereals, cereal-derived products, dried fruits, wine, grape juice, beer, tea, coffee, cocoa, nuts, spices, licorice, processed meat, cheese, and other foods. OTA can induce a wide range of health effects attributable to its toxicological properties, including teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. OTA is not only toxic to humans but also harmful to livestock like cows, goats, and poultry. This is why the European Union and various countries regulate the maximum permitted levels of OTA in foods. This review intends to summarize all the main aspects concerning OTA, starting from the chemical structure and fungi that produce it, its presence in food, its toxicity, and methods of analysis, as well as control strategies, including both fungal development and methods of inactivation of the molecule. Finally, the review provides some ideas for future approaches aimed at reducing the OTA levels in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamina Ben Miri
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed Boudiaf University, BP 166, M’sila 28000, Algeria;
| | - Amina Benabdallah
- Laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Pollution, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University Chadli Bendjedid, El-Tarf 36000, Algeria;
| | - Imene Chentir
- Laboratory of Food, Processing, Control and Agri-Resources Valorization, Higher School of Food Science and Agri-Food Industry, Algiers 16200, Algeria;
| | - Djamel Djenane
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University, BP 17, Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria;
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento Palazzina A—Centro Ecotekne via Prov, le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento Palazzina A—Centro Ecotekne via Prov, le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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Więckowska M, Szelenberger R, Niemcewicz M, Harmata P, Poplawski T, Bijak M. Ochratoxin A-The Current Knowledge Concerning Hepatotoxicity, Mode of Action and Possible Prevention. Molecules 2023; 28:6617. [PMID: 37764392 PMCID: PMC10534339 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered as the most toxic of the other ochratoxins synthesized by various fungal species belonging to the Aspergillus and Penicillium families. OTA commonly contaminates food and beverages, resulting in animal and human health issues. The toxicity of OTA is known to cause liver damage and is still being researched. However, current findings do not provide clear insights into the toxin mechanism of action. The current studies focusing on the use of potentially protective compounds against the effects of the toxin are insufficient as they are mainly conducted on animals. Further research is required to fill the existing gaps in both fields (namely the exact OTA molecular mechanism and the prevention of its toxicity in the human liver). This review article is a summary of the so far obtained results of studies focusing on the OTA hepatotoxicity, its mode of action, and the known approaches of liver cells protection, which may be the base for expanding other research in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Więckowska
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Rafał Szelenberger
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Piotr Harmata
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. S. Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michał Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
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Awiaz G, Lin J, Wu A. Recent advances of Au@Ag core-shell SERS-based biosensors. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20220072. [PMID: 37323623 PMCID: PMC10190953 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The methodological advancements in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique with nanoscale materials based on noble metals, Au, Ag, and their bimetallic alloy Au-Ag, has enabled the highly efficient sensing of chemical and biological molecules at very low concentration values. By employing the innovative various type of Au, Ag nanoparticles and especially, high efficiency Au@Ag alloy nanomaterials as substrate in SERS based biosensors have revolutionized the detection of biological components including; proteins, antigens antibodies complex, circulating tumor cells, DNA, and RNA (miRNA), etc. This review is about SERS-based Au/Ag bimetallic biosensors and their Raman enhanced activity by focusing on different factors related to them. The emphasis of this research is to describe the recent developments in this field and conceptual advancements behind them. Furthermore, in this article we apex the understanding of impact by variation in basic features like effects of size, shape varying lengths, thickness of core-shell and their influence of large-scale magnitude and morphology. Moreover, the detailed information about recent biological applications based on these core-shell noble metals, importantly detection of receptor binding domain (RBD) protein of COVID-19 is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Awiaz
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CASNingboChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jie Lin
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CASNingboChina
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong LaboratoryHuizhouChina
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CASNingboChina
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong LaboratoryHuizhouChina
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González PA, Dans EP, Tranche IDLH, Acosta-Dacal AC, Hernández ÁR, Montes AM, Peña MZ, Luzardo OP. Comparative analysis of mycotoxin, pesticide, and elemental content of Canarian craft and Spanish mainstream beers. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:389-399. [PMID: 36974105 PMCID: PMC10038769 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of craft breweries and the volume of craft beer produced globally is growing exponentially. However, little is known about their differences with mainstream beers regarding mycotoxin profile, pesticide and pollutant residues and elemental composition. Given that beer is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, it is important to shed light on its toxicological profile. In this study, samples of 23 craft beers and 19 mainstream Spanish beers were collected to perform a comparative analysis including 8 mycotoxins, 225 pesticide residues and 50 POPs, and 50 elements. Mycotoxins were not detected in craft beers, while 100% of mainstream beers presented at least one mycotoxin. In contrast, craft beers contained higher average pesticide residues than their mainstream counterparts, although significant differences were only found in Mepiquat and Metrafenone content. No persistent organic pollutants were detected in any sample. The elemental composition presented differences between the two groups both in the concentration of elements and their hierarchy. In conclusion, the toxicological profile of all beers was safe and is unlikely to constitute a hazard to consumer health. Craft beers present significant differences from their mainstream counterparts in all the dimensions explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Alonso González
- Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), Av. Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez, 3, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Eva Parga Dans
- Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), Av. Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez, 3, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Andrea Carolina Acosta-Dacal
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain
| | - Ángel Rodríguez Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain
| | - Ana Macías Montes
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado Peña
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain; & Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Octavio Pérez Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain; & Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Madrid 28029, Spain
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Benešová K, Boško R, Běláková S, Pluháčková H, Křápek M, Pernica M, Svoboda Z. Natural contamination of Czech malting barley with mycotoxins in connection with climate variability. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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The Occurrence and Contamination Level of Ochratoxin A in Plant and Animal-Derived Food Commodities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226928. [PMID: 34834020 PMCID: PMC8623125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a highly toxic mycotoxin and poses great threat to human health. Due to its serious toxicity and widespread contamination, great efforts have been made to evaluate its human exposure. This review focuses on the OTA occurrence and contamination level in nine plant and animal derived food commodities: cereal, wine, coffee, beer, cocoa, dried fruit, spice, meat, and milk. The occurrence and contamination level varied greatly in food commodities and were affected by many factors, including spices, geography, climate, and storage conditions. Therefore, risk monitoring must be routinely implemented to ensure minimal OTA intake and food safety.
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Juan García C. Mycotoxins: Toxicology, Identification and Control. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040242. [PMID: 33805365 PMCID: PMC8066501 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Juan García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, S/N, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
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