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Seo M, Hwang S, Lee TH, Nam K. Comparison of Neural Recovery Effects of Botulinum Toxin Based on Administration Timing in Sciatic Nerve-Injured Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:387. [PMID: 39330845 PMCID: PMC11435736 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16090387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of the timing of administering botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) on nerve regeneration in rats. Sixty 6-week-old rats with a sciatic nerve injury were randomly divided into four groups: the immediately treated (IT) group (BoNT/A injection administered immediately post-injury), the delay-treated (DT) group (BoNT/A injection administered one week post-injury), the control group (saline administered one week post-injury), and the sham group (only skin and muscle incisions made). Nerve regeneration was assessed 3, 6, and 9 weeks post-injury using various techniques. The levels of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), astroglial calcium-binding protein S100β (S100β), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), neurofilament 200 (NF200), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the IT and DT groups were higher. ELISA revealed the highest levels of these proteins in the IT group, followed by the DT and control groups. Toluidine blue staining revealed that the average area and myelin thickness were higher in the IT group. Electrophysiological studies revealed that the CMAP in the IT group was significantly higher than that in the control group, with the DT group exhibiting significant differences starting from week 8. The findings of the sciatic functional index analysis mirrored these results. Thus, administering BoNT/A injections immediately after a nerve injury is most effective for neural recovery. However, injections administered one week post-injury also significantly enhanced recovery. BoNT/A should be administered promptly after nerve damage; however, its administration during the non-acute phase is also beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kiyeun Nam
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (S.H.); (T.H.L.)
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Moreau N, Korai SA, Sepe G, Panetsos F, Papa M, Cirillo G. Peripheral and central neurobiological effects of botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) in neuropathic pain: a systematic review. Pain 2024; 165:1674-1688. [PMID: 38452215 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Botulinum toxin (BoNT), a presynaptic inhibitor of acetylcholine (Ach) release at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), is a successful and safe drug for the treatment of several neurological disorders. However, a wide and recent literature review has demonstrated that BoNT exerts its effects not only at the "periphery" but also within the central nervous system (CNS). Studies from animal models, in fact, have shown a retrograde transport to the CNS, thus modulating synaptic function. The increasing number of articles reporting efficacy of BoNT on chronic neuropathic pain (CNP), a complex disease of the CNS, demonstrates that the central mechanisms of BoNT are far from being completely elucidated. In this new light, BoNT might interfere with the activity of spinal, brain stem, and cortical circuitry, modulating excitability and the functional organization of CNS in healthy conditions. Botulinum toxins efficacy on CNP is the result of a wide and complex action on many and diverse mechanisms at the basis of the maladaptive plasticity, the core of the pathogenesis of CNP. This systematic review aims to discuss in detail the BoNT's mechanisms and effects on peripheral and central neuroplasticity, at the basis for the clinical efficacy in CNP syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Moreau
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie oro-faciale, EA 7543, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sohaib Ali Korai
- Division of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks & Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sepe
- Division of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks & Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Neurocomputing & Neurorobotics Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IdISSC), Hospital Clinico San Carlos de Madrid, Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michele Papa
- Division of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks & Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cirillo
- Division of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks & Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Guo Z, Zhao Z, Wang X, Zhou J, Liu J, Plunet W, Ren W, Tian L. Identification of mitophagy-related hub genes during the progression of spinal cord injury by integrated multinomial bioinformatics analysis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101654. [PMID: 38375420 PMCID: PMC10875195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disturbance of peripheral and central nerve conduction that causes disability in sensory and motor function. Currently, there is no effective treatment for SCI. Mitophagy plays a vital role in mitochondrial quality control during various physiological and pathological processes. The study aimed to elucidate the role of mitophagy and identify potential mitophagy-related hub genes in SCI pathophysiology. Two datasets (GSE15878 and GSE138637) were analyzed. Firstly, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and mitophagy-related genes were obtained from GeneCards, then the intersection between SCI and mitophagy-related genes was determined. Next, we performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), protein-protein interaction network (PPI network), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and cluster analysis to identify and define the hub genes in SCI. Finally, the link between hub genes and infiltrating immune cells was investigated and the potential transcriptional regulation/small molecular compounds to target hub genes were predicted. In total, SKP1 and BAP1 were identified as hub genes of mitophagy-related DEGs during SCI development and regulatory T cells (Tregs)/resting NK cells/activated mast cells may play an essential role in the progression of SCI. LINC00324 and SNHG16 may regulate SKP1 and BAP1, respectively, through miRNAs. Eleven and eight transcriptional factors (TFs) regulate SKP1 and BAP1, respectively, and six small molecular compounds target BAP1. Then, the mRNA expression levels of BAP1 and SKP1 were detected in the injured sites of spinal cord of SD rats at 6 h and 72 h after injury using RT-qPCR, and found that the level were decreased. Therefore, the pathways of mitophagy are downregulated during the pathophysiology of SCI, and SKP1 and BAP1 could be accessible targets for diagnosing and treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Guo
- The Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zihui Zhao
- Institute of Trauma & Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- Institute of Trauma & Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- The Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Trauma & Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ward Plunet
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wenjie Ren
- Institute of Trauma & Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Linqiang Tian
- The Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Trauma & Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Yin W, Jiang Z, Guo Y, Cao Y, Wu Z, Zhou Y, Chen Q, Liu W, Jiang X, Ren C. Identification of Anoikis-Related Genes in Spinal Cord Injury: Bioinformatics and Experimental Validation. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04121-8. [PMID: 38519735 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious disease without effective therapeutic strategies. To identify the potential treatments for SCI, it is extremely important to explore the underlying mechanism. Current studies demonstrate that anoikis might play an important role in SCI. In this study, we aimed to identify the key anoikis-related genes (ARGs) providing therapeutic targets for SCI. The mRNA expression matrix of GSE45006 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the ARGs were downloaded from the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB database). Then, the potential differentially expressed ARGs were identified. Next, correlation analysis, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis were employed for the differentially expressed ARGs. Moreover, miRNA-gene networks were constructed by the hub ARGs. Finally, RNA expression of the top ten hub ARGs was validated in the SCI cell model and rat SCI model. A total of 27 common differentially expressed ARGs were identified at different time points (1, 3, 7, and 14 days) following SCI. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of these ARGs indicated several enriched terms related to proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptotic process. The PPI results revealed that most of the ARGs interacted with each other. Ten hub ARGs were further screened, and all the 10 genes were validated in the SCI cell model. In the rat model, only seven genes were validated eventually. We identified 27 differentially expressed ARGs of the SCI through bioinformatic analysis. Seven real hub ARGs (CCND1, FN1, IGF1, MYC, STAT3, TGFB1, and TP53) were identified eventually. These results may expand our understanding of SCI and contribute to the exploration of potential SCI targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Youwei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoping Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Caiping Ren
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Gandara CK, Palacios JL, Luis Quintanar J, Zhang Y, Li X, Munoz A. Improvement of neurogenic urinary dysfunctions in female rats treated with an injection of botulinum toxin A at the epicenter of the spinal cord injured site. Neurourol Urodyn 2024; 43:246-257. [PMID: 37901953 DOI: 10.1002/nau.25311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of an injection of botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) at the epicenter of the spinal cord injury (SCI) site on the recovery of lower urinary tract function in female rats with thoracic SCI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four female Wistar rats with Sham (laminectomy at T8/T9 level) or SCI (at T8/T9; 30 g compression for 5 s) were assigned into Sham-SS (injected with 5 µL of saline solution), Sham-BoNT/A (injected with 15 pg/rat, equivalent to 7.5 Units/kg of BoNT/A in 5 µL volume), SCI-SS (injured and injected with saline), SCI-BoNT/A (injured and injected with BoNT/A), N = 6 per group. Weekly evaluation of stereotyped micturition behavior, hind-limb nociception, and locomotor activity was performed 1 week before and during 6 weeks after surgery. Subsequently, all groups underwent simultaneous electromyography of the external urethral sphincter (EUS-EMG) and cystometric (CMG) studies. RESULTS A compression SCI at the T8/T9 thoracic level significantly impairs sensory and locomotive functions, as well as stereotyped micturition behavior. However, these impairments were improved by BoNT/A injection after SCI. Neither injections of saline solution nor BoNT/A had an appreciable effect on the same parameters evaluated in the Sham groups. The combined EUS-EMG and CMG evaluations revealed important improvements of lower urinary tract physiology, particularly a reduction in the frequency of non-voiding contractions and the properties of EUS bursting activity indicated as the amplitude of the EUS-EMG signal and duration of burst electrical activity during effective voiding. CONCLUSION The severe impairments on sensory and locomotive functions as well stereotyped micturition caused by an SCI could be potentially attenuated by an injection of a small amount of BoNT/A directly into the epicenter of the SCI region. A reduction in the release of neurotoxic neurotransmitters requiring the SNARE complex may be the mechanism triggered by BoNT/A to reduce neurotoxicity and hyperexcitability created in the SCI area to improve the survival of spinal cord cells involved in micturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia K Gandara
- Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Colotlán, Jalisco, México
| | - Jose L Palacios
- Facultad de Ciencias para el Desarrollo Humano, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - J Luis Quintanar
- Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Yingchun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuhong Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Alvaro Munoz
- Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Colotlán, Jalisco, México
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Mastrorilli V, De Angelis F, Vacca V, Pavone F, Luvisetto S, Marinelli S. Xeomin ®, a Commercial Formulation of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A, Promotes Regeneration in a Preclinical Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:248. [PMID: 37104185 PMCID: PMC10142820 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Xeomin® is a commercial formulation of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) clinically authorized for treating neurological disorders, such as blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, limb spasticity, and sialorrhea. We have previously demonstrated that spinal injection of laboratory purified 150 kDa BoNT/A in paraplegic mice, after undergoing traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), was able to reduce excitotoxic phenomena, glial scar, inflammation, and the development of neuropathic pain and facilitate regeneration and motor recovery. In the present study, as proof of concept in view of a possible clinical application, we studied the efficacy of Xeomin® in the same preclinical SCI model in which we highlighted the positive effects of lab-purified BoNT/A. Data comparison shows that Xeomin® induces similar pharmacological and therapeutic effects, albeit with less efficacy, to lab-purified BoNT/A. This difference, which can be improved by adjusting the dose, can be attributable to the different formulation and pharmacodynamics. Although the mechanism by which Xeomin® and laboratory purified BoNT/A induce functional improvement in paraplegic mice is still far from being understood, these results open a possible new scenario in treatment of SCI and are a stimulus for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Siro Luvisetto
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Council of Research of Italy, Via Ercole Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Sara Marinelli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Council of Research of Italy, Via Ercole Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
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Kang Y, Li Q, Zhu R, Li S, Xu X, Shi X, Yin Z. Identification of Ferroptotic Genes in Spinal Cord Injury at Different Time Points: Bioinformatics and Experimental Validation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5766-5784. [PMID: 35796899 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an important pathologic process after spinal cord injury (SCI). As a new type of PCD, ferroptosis is involved in the secondary SCI. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we validated ferroptotic phenotype in an animal model of SCI. Then, the bioinformatic analyses performed on a microarray data of SCI (GSE45006). KEGG analysis suggested that the pathways of mTOR, HIF-1, VEGF, and protein process in endoplasmic reticulum were involved in SCI-induced ferroptosis. GO analysis revealed that oxidative stress, amide metabolic process, cation transport, and cytokine production were essential biological processes in ferroptosis after SCI. We highlighted five genes including ATF-3, XBP-1, HMOX-1, DDIT-3, and CHAC-1 as ferroptotic key gene in SCI. These results contribute to exploring the ferroptotic mechanism underlying the secondary SCI and providing potential targets for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Qiangwei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 64 Chaohu Northern Road, Hefei, 238001, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xuanming Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 64 Chaohu Northern Road, Hefei, 238001, China.
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Cediel C X, Rangel J G, Ortega A K. Botulinum toxin application in erector spinae blockade for the management of myofascial syndrome in patients with fibromyalgia: A case series. INDIAN JOURNAL OF PAIN 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_66_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Luvisetto S. Botulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110751. [PMID: 34822535 PMCID: PMC8622321 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent inhibitors of synaptic vesicle fusion and transmitter release. The natural target of BoNTs is the peripheral neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where, by blocking the release of acetylcholine (ACh), they functionally denervate muscles and alter muscle tone. This leads them to be an excellent drug for the therapy of muscle hyperactivity disorders, such as dystonia, spasticity, and many other movement disorders. BoNTs are also effective in inhibiting both the release of ACh at sites other than NMJ and the release of neurotransmitters other than ACh. Furthermore, much evidence shows that BoNTs can act not only on the peripheral nervous system (PNS), but also on the central nervous system (CNS). Under this view, central changes may result either from sensory input from the PNS, from retrograde transport of BoNTs, or from direct injection of BoNTs into the CNS. The aim of this review is to give an update on available data, both from animal models or human studies, which suggest or confirm central alterations induced by peripheral or central BoNTs treatment. The data will be discussed with particular attention to the possible therapeutic applications to pathological conditions and degenerative diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siro Luvisetto
- National Research Council of Italy-CNR, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Via Ercole Ramarini 32, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Roma, Italy
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Luvisetto S. Botulinum Toxin and Neuronal Regeneration after Traumatic Injury of Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E434. [PMID: 32630737 PMCID: PMC7404966 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are toxins produced by the bacteria Clostridiumbotulinum, the causing agent for botulism, in different serotypes, seven of which (A-G) are well characterized, while others, such as H or FA, are still debated. BoNTs exert their action by blocking SNARE (soluble N-ethylmale-imide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors) complex formation and vesicle release from the neuronal terminal through the specific cleavage of SNARE proteins. The action of BoNTs at the neuromuscular junction has been extensively investigated and knowledge gained in this field has set the foundation for the use of these toxins in a variety of human pathologies characterized by excessive muscle contractions. In parallel, BoNTs became a cosmetic drug due to its power to ward off facial wrinkles following the activity of the mimic muscles. Successively, BoNTs became therapeutic agents that have proven to be successful in the treatment of different neurological disorders, with new indications emerging or being approved each year. In particular, BoNT/A became the treatment of excellence not only for muscle hyperactivity conditions, such as dystonia and spasticity, but also to reduce pain in a series of painful states, such as neuropathic pain, lumbar and myofascial pain, and to treat various dysfunctions of the urinary bladder. This review summarizes recent experimental findings on the potential efficacy of BoNTs in favoring nerve regeneration after traumatic injury in the peripheral nervous system, such as the injury of peripheral nerves, like sciatic nerve, and in the central nervous system, such as spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siro Luvisetto
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, via Ramarini 32, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
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