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Zhang C, Liu H, Wang X, Long X, Huang A, Zhang J, Geng J, Yang L, Huang Z, Dong P, Shi L. Inhibitory effects and mechanisms of cinnamaldehyde against Fusarium oxysporum, a serious pathogen in potatoes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3540-3552. [PMID: 38446128 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potatoes, a major economic crop, are significantly impacted by Fusarium dry rot, a prevalent postharvest disease. Despite the broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties of cinnamaldehyde, a naturally-derived plant substance, its efficacy against the causal pathogen of potato dry rot (Fusarium oxysporum) and the underlying mechanisms have not been extensively studied. RESULTS Our study demonstrates that cinnamaldehyde effectively inhibits the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, the pathogen responsible for potato dry rot, and increases its sensitivity to environmental stress factors such as extreme temperatures and high salt stress. Treatment with cinnamaldehyde results in altered fungal mycelium morphology, compromised cell wall stability, and disrupted cell membrane integrity, thereby reducing spore viability. Specifically, it interferes with the cell membrane and cell wall structures of the fungus, potentially disrupting fungal growth by modulating signaling pathways involved in cell wall maintenance, chitin metabolism, and GPI-anchored protein function. Notably, we show that cinnamaldehyde induces a form of regulated cell death in F. oxysporum, which is characterized not as typical apoptosis, as evidenced by Annexin V negative staining. However, the specific cell death type and underlying mechanism still needed to be further explored. CONCLUSION Cinnamaldehyde, an environmentally friendly plant-based active compound, exhibits strong inhibitory effects on F. oxysporum, indicating its potential use in the prevention and control strategies for potato dry rot. This research contributes to the understanding of novel antifungal mechanisms and offers promising insights into eco-friendly alternatives for managing this economically significant postharvest disease. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongling Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueyan Long
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Airong Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaomei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiahui Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liting Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenlin Huang
- Chongqing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Huang J, Yang G, Chen K, Du M, Zalán Z, Hegyi F, Kan J. Anti-fungal effects of lactic acid bacteria from pickles on the growth and sterigmatocystin production of Aspergillus versicolor. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 422:110809. [PMID: 38955023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Sterigmatocystin (STC) is an emerging mycotoxin that poses a significant threat to the food security of cereal crops. To mitigate STC contamination in maize, this study employed selected lactic acid bacteria as biocontrol agents against Aspergillus versicolor, evaluating their biocontrol potential and analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HJ10, isolated from pickle, exhibited substantial in vitro antifungal activity and passed safety assessments, including antibiotic resistance and hemolysis tests. In vivo experiments demonstrated that L. plantarum HJ10 significantly reduced the contents of A. versicolor and STC in maize (both >84 %). The impact of heat, enzymes, alkali, and other treatments on the antifungal activity of cell-free supernatant (CFS) was investigated. Integrated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that lactic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid are the key substances responsible for the in vitro antifungal activity of L. plantarum HJ10. These metabolites induced mold apoptosis by disrupting cell wall structure, increasing cell membrane fluidity, reducing enzyme activities, and disrupting energy metabolism. However, in vivo antagonism by L. plantarum HJ10 primarily occurs through organic acid production and competition for growth space and nutrients. This study highlights the potential of L. plantarum HJ10 in reducing A. versicolor and STC contamination in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Gang Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Muying Du
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zsolt Zalán
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Food Science and Technology Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Buda Campus, Herman Ottó str. 15, Budapest 1022, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Hegyi
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Food Science and Technology Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Buda Campus, Herman Ottó str. 15, Budapest 1022, Hungary.
| | - Jianquan Kan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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3
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Zhou X, Chen D, Yu M, Jiao Y, Tao F. Role of Flavohemoglobins in the Development and Aflatoxin Biosynthesis of Aspergillus flavus. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:437. [PMID: 38921422 PMCID: PMC11204391 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is notorious for contaminating food with its secondary metabolite-highly carcinogenic aflatoxins. In this study, we found that exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor could influence aflatoxin production in A. flavus. Flavohemoglobins (FHbs) are vital functional units in maintaining nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis and are crucial for normal cell function. To investigate whether endogenous NO changes affect aflatoxin biosynthesis, two FHbs, FHbA and FHbB, were identified in this study. FHbA was confirmed as the main protein to maintain NO homeostasis, as its absence led to a significant increase in intracellular NO levels and heightened sensitivity to SNP stress. Dramatically, FHbA deletion retarded aflatoxin production. In addition, FHbA played important roles in mycelial growth, conidial germination, and sclerotial development, and response to oxidative stress and high-temperature stress. Although FHbB did not significantly impact the cellular NO level, it was also involved in sclerotial development, aflatoxin synthesis, and stress response. Our findings provide a new perspective for studying the regulatory mechanism of the development and secondary mechanism in A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fang Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.Z.); (D.C.); (M.Y.); (Y.J.)
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Beigmohammadi N, Peighambardoust SH, Mohammad Amini A, Alirezalu K. Enhancing Encapsulation Efficiency of Chavir Essential Oil via Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Ultrasonication of Whey Protein Concentrate-Maltodextrin. Foods 2024; 13:1407. [PMID: 38731778 PMCID: PMC11083897 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the characterization of emulsions and microparticles encapsulating Chavir essential oil (EO) by application of modified whey protein concentrate-maltodextrin (WPC-MD). Different physical, chemical, morphological, thermal, and antioxidant properties and release behavior of spray-dried microparticles were assessed. Antioxidant, solubility, emulsifying, and foaming activities of modified WPC were increased compared to those of primary material. The results indicated that the particle size distribution varied depending on the type of carriers used, with the smallest particles formed by hydrolyzed WPC (HWPC). Binary blends of modified WPC-MD led to improved particle sizes. The spray-drying yield ranged from 64.1% to 85.0%, with higher yields observed for blends of MD with sonicated WPC (UWPC). Microparticles prepared from primary WPC showed irregular and wrinkled surfaces with indentations and pores, indicating a less uniform morphology. The UWPC as a wall material led to microparticles with increased small cracks and holes on their surface. However, HWPC negatively affected the integrity of the microparticles, resulting in broken particles with irregular shapes and surface cracks, indicating poor microcapsule formation. Encapsulating EO using WPC-MD increased the thermal stability of EO significantly, enhancing the degradation temperature of EO by 2 to 2.5-fold. The application of primary WPC (alone or in combination with MD) as wall materials produced particles with the lowest antioxidant properties because the EO cannot migrate to the surface of the particles. Enzymatic hydrolysis of WPC negatively impacted microparticle integrity, potentially increasing EO release. These findings underscore the crucial role of wall materials in shaping the physical, morphological, thermal, antioxidant, and release properties of spray-dried microparticles, offering valuable insights for microencapsulation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Beigmohammadi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran; (N.B.); (K.A.)
| | - Seyed Hadi Peighambardoust
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran; (N.B.); (K.A.)
| | - Asad Mohammad Amini
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 6617715175, Iran;
| | - Kazem Alirezalu
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran; (N.B.); (K.A.)
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5
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Mozafari Z, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Yahyazadeh M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Effects of Tripleurospermum caucasicum, Salvia rosmarinus and Tanacetum fruticulosum essential oils on aflatoxin B 1 production and aflR gene expression in Aspergillus flavus. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 415:110639. [PMID: 38417281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most hazardous mycotoxins for humans and livestock that mainly produced by members of the genus Aspergillus in a variety of food commodities. In this study, the effect of S. rosmarinus, T. fruticulosum, and T. caucasicum essential oils (EOs) was studied on fungal growth, AFB1 production and aflR gene expression in toxigenic A. flavus IPI 247. The AFB1 producer A. flavus strain was cultured in YES medium in presence of various two-fold concentrations of the plant EOs (62.5-500 μg/mL) for 4 days at 28 °C. EO composition of plants was analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The amount of fungal growth, ergosterol content of fungal mycelia and AFB1 content of EO-treated and non-treated controls were measured. The expression of aflR gene was evaluated using Real-time PCR in the fungus exposed to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) of EOs. The main constituents of the oils analyzed by GC/MS analysis were elemicin (33.80 %) and 2,3-dihydro farnesol (33.19 %) in T. caucasicum, 1,8-cineole (17.87 %), trans-caryophyllene (11.14 %), α and ẞ-pinene (10.92 and 8.83 %) in S. rosmarinus, and camphor (17.65 %), bornyl acetate (15.08 %), borneol (12.48 %) and camphene (11.72 %) in T. fruticulosum. The results showed that plant EOs at the concentration of 500 μg/mL suppressed significantly the fungal growth by 35.24-71.70 %, while mycelial ergosterol content and AFB1 production were inhibited meaningfully by 36.20-65.51 % and 20.61-89.16 %. T. caucasicum was the most effective plant, while T. fruticulosum showed the lowest effectiveness on fungal growth and AFB1 production. The expression of aflR in T. caucasicum and S. rosmarinus -treated fungus was significantly down-regulated by 2.85 and 2.12 folds, respectively, while it did not change in T. fruticulosum-treated A. flavus compared to non-treated controls. Our findings on the inhibitory activity of T. caucasicum and S. rosmarinus EOs toward A. flavus growth and AFB1 production could promise these plants as good candidates to control fungal contamination of agricultural crops and food commodities and subsequent contamination by AFB1. Down-regulation of aflR as the key regulatory gene in AF biosynthesis pathway warrants the use of these plants in AF control programs. Further studies to evaluate the inhibitory activity of studied plants EOs in food model systems are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mozafari
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-331, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-331, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Yahyazadeh
- Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Iran
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6
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Duan WY, Zhu XM, Zhang SB, Lv YY, Zhai HC, Wei S, Ma PA, Hu YS. Antifungal effects of carvacrol, the main volatile compound in Origanum vulgare L. essential oil, against Aspergillus flavus in postharvest wheat. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 410:110514. [PMID: 38070224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with antimicrobial activity could potentially be extremely useful fumigants to prevent and control the fungal decay of agricultural products postharvest. In this study, antifungal effects of volatile compounds in essential oils extracted from Origanum vulgare L. against Aspergillus flavus growth were investigated using transcriptomic and biochemical analyses. Carvacrol was identified as the major volatile constituent of the Origanum vulgare L. essential oil, accounting for 66.01 % of the total content. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of carvacrol were 0.071 and 0.18 μL/mL in gas-phase fumigation and liquid contact, respectively. Fumigation with 0.60 μL/mL of carvacrol could completely inhibit A. flavus proliferation in wheat grains with 20 % moisture, showing its potential as a biofumigant. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that carvacrol treatment caused morphological deformation of A. flavus mycelia, and the resulting increased electrolyte leakage indicates damage to the plasma membrane. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that the carvacrol treatment caused a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and DNA damage. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with fatty acid degradation, autophagy, peroxisomes, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and DNA replication in A. flavus mycelia exposed to carvacrol. Biochemical analyses of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion content, and catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferase activities showed that carvacrol induced oxidative stress in A. flavus, which agreed with the transcriptome results. In summary, this study provides an experimental basis for the use of carvacrol as a promising biofumigant for the prevention of A. flavus contamination during postharvest grain storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Duan
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Man Zhu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai-Bing Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang-Yong Lv
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Chen Zhai
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Wei
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-An Ma
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Sen Hu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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7
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Almeida NA, Freire L, Carnielli-Queiroz L, Bragotto APA, Silva NCC, Rocha LO. Essential oils: An eco-friendly alternative for controlling toxigenic fungi in cereal grains. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13251. [PMID: 38284600 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Fungi are widely disseminated in the environment and are major food contaminants, colonizing plant tissues throughout the production chain, from preharvest to postharvest, causing diseases. As a result, grain development and seed germination are affected, reducing grain quality and nutritional value. Some fungal species can also produce mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites for vertebrate animals. Natural compounds, such as essential oils, have been used to control fungal diseases in cereal grains due to their antimicrobial activity that may inhibit fungal growth. These compounds have been associated with reduced mycotoxin contamination, primarily related to reducing toxin production by toxigenic fungi. However, little is known about the mechanisms of action of these compounds against mycotoxigenic fungi. In this review, we address important information on the mechanisms of action of essential oils and their antifungal and antimycotoxigenic properties, recent technological strategies for food industry applications, and the potential toxicity of essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naara A Almeida
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luísa Freire
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul. Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lorena Carnielli-Queiroz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória-Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Adriana P A Bragotto
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nathália C C Silva
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Liliana O Rocha
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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8
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Satterlee T, McDonough CM, Gold SE, Chen C, Glenn AE, Pokoo-Aikins A. Synergistic Effects of Essential Oils and Organic Acids against Aspergillus flavus Contamination in Poultry Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:635. [PMID: 37999498 PMCID: PMC10675374 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic acids and essential oils are commonly used in the poultry industry as antimicrobials and for their beneficial effects on gut health, growth performance, and meat quality. A common postharvest storage fungal colonist, Aspergillus flavus, contaminates corn, the primary component of poultry feed, with the highly detrimental mycotoxin, aflatoxin. Aflatoxin adversely affects poultry feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, weight gain, egg production, fertility, hatchability, and poultry meat yield. Both organic acids and essential oils have been reported to inhibit the growth of A. flavus. Thus, we evaluated if the inhibitory synergy between combined essential oils (cinnamon, lemongrass, and oregano) and organic acids (acetic, butyric, and propionic) prevents A. flavus growth. The study confirmed that these compounds inhibit the growth of A. flavus and that synergistic interactions do occur between some of them. Overall, cinnamon oil was shown to have the highest synergy with all the organic acids tested, requiring 1000 µL/L air of cinnamon oil and 888 mg/kg of butyric acid to fully suppress A. flavus growth on corn kernels. With the strong synergism demonstrated, combining certain essential oils and organic acids offers a potentially effective natural method for controlling postharvest aflatoxin contamination in poultry feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Satterlee
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (T.S.); (C.M.M.); (S.E.G.)
| | - Callie Megan McDonough
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (T.S.); (C.M.M.); (S.E.G.)
| | - Scott E. Gold
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (T.S.); (C.M.M.); (S.E.G.)
| | - Chongxiao Chen
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, 110 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Anthony E. Glenn
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (T.S.); (C.M.M.); (S.E.G.)
| | - Anthony Pokoo-Aikins
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (T.S.); (C.M.M.); (S.E.G.)
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Liu L, Fisher KD, Friest MA, Gerard G. Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Lemongrass Essential Oil-Loaded Nanoemulsion Stabilized by Carboxylated Cellulose Nanofibrils and Surfactant. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3946. [PMID: 37835998 PMCID: PMC10575251 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose is an emerging green, biodegradable and biocompatible nanomaterial with negligible toxicities. In this study, a carboxylated nanocellulose (i.e., 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibril (TEMPO-CNF)) was prepared from corn stover and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)/thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Corn stover-derived TEMPO-CNF was explored as an emulsion co-stabilizer together with Tween 80 for lemongrass essential oil-loaded emulsions. Droplet size, phase behavior and thermodynamic stability of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by Tween 80 and TEMPO-CNF were investigated. The optimal nanoemulsion stabilized by this binary stabilizer could achieve a mean particle size of 19 nm, and it did not form any phase separation against centrifugal forces, freeze-thaw cycles and at least 30 days of room temperature storage. The nanoencapsulated essential oil had better inhibition activity against the mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus than pure essential oil. Results from this study demonstrate the potential of using agricultural byproduct-derived nanomaterial as nanoemulsion stabilizers for essential oils with good emulsion thermodynamic stability as well as enhanced antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Kaleb D. Fisher
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mason A. Friest
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Gina Gerard
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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10
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Azadi A, Rafieian F, Sami M, Rezaei A. Fabrication, characterization and antimicrobial activity of chitosan/tragacanth gum/polyvinyl alcohol composite films incorporated with cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125225. [PMID: 37285892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to prepare and characterize active composite films made of chitosan (CS), tragacanth gum (TG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and loaded with different concentrations of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) nanoemulsion (CEO, 2 and 4 % v/v). For this purpose, the amount of CS was fixed and the ratio of TG to PVA (90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40) was considered variable. The physical (thickness and opacity), mechanical, antibacterial and water-resistance properties of the composite films were evaluated. According to the microbial tests, the optimal sample was determined and evaluated with several analytical instruments. CEO loading increased the thickness and EAB of composite films, while decreasing light transmission, tensile strength, and water vapor permeability. All the films containing CEO nanoemulsion had antimicrobial properties, but this activity was higher against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) than Gram-negative types (Escherichia coli (O157:H7) and Salmonella typhimurium). According to the results of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the interaction between the components of the composite film was confirmed. It can be concluded that the CEO nanoemulsion can be incorporated in CS/TG/PVA composite films and successfully used as active and environmentally friendly packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidin Azadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rafieian
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Sami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Atefe Rezaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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11
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Lv H, Huo S, Zhao L, Zhang H, Liu Y, Liu S, Tani A, Wang R. Preparation and application of cinnamon-Litsea cubeba compound essential oil microcapsules for peanut kernel postharvest storage. Food Chem 2023; 415:135734. [PMID: 36848837 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
This research developed a novel, efficient and safe antimildew for peanut kernel postharvest storage. The antimildew, cinnamon-Litsea cubeba compound essential oil (CLCEO) microcapsule (CLCEOM), was synthesized with CLCEO as core materials and β-cyclodextrin as wall materials. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses indicated that major antifungal compounds of CLCEO were encapsulated in the cavity of β-cyclodextrin. The inhibition zone experiment showed that CLCEOM retained antifungal effect on Aspergillus spp. strains even after storage for 2 months at 4 ℃. Besides, CLCEOM reduced total number of fungal colonies, relative abundance of Aspergillus spp., and aflatoxin B1 content of peanut kernels, and had positive effect on slowing down the increase in acid value of peanut oil without causing any adverse effect on the viability and sensory properties during storage process. Overall, CLCEOM presented good preservative effects on peanut kernels, providing evidence for its potential use as antimildew for peanut storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Lv
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Shanshan Huo
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingli Zhao
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hanxiao Zhang
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shichang Liu
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Akio Tani
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ruolan Wang
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Duan WY, Zhang SB, Lei JD, Qin YL, Li YN, Lv YY, Zhai HC, Cai JP, Hu YS. Protection of postharvest grains from fungal spoilage by biogenic volatiles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3375-3390. [PMID: 37115251 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungal spoilage of postharvest grains poses serious problems with respect to food safety, human health, and the economic value of grains. The protection of cereal grains from deleterious fungi is a critical aim in postharvest grain management. Considering the bulk volume of grain piles in warehouses or bins and food safety, fumigation with natural gaseous fungicides is a promising strategy to control fungal contamination on postharvest grains. Increasing research has focused on the antifungal properties of biogenic volatiles. This review summarizes the literature related to the effects of biogenic volatiles from microbes and plants on spoilage fungi on postharvest grains and highlights the underlying antifungal mechanisms. Key areas for additional research on fumigation with biogenic volatiles in postharvest grains are noted. The research described in this review supports the protective effects of biogenic volatiles against grain spoilage by fungi, providing a basis for their expanded application in the management of postharvest grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Duan
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai-Bing Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Dong Lei
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Liang Qin
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Nan Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Yong Lv
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Chen Zhai
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ping Cai
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Sen Hu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
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13
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Kaboudi Z, Peighambardoust SH, Nourbakhsh H, Soltanzadeh M. Nanoencapsulation of Chavir (Ferulago angulata) essential oil in chitosan carrier: Investigating physicochemical, morphological, thermal, antimicrobial and release profile of obtained nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:123963. [PMID: 36906207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
The essential oil obtained by steam-distillation from Ferulago angulata (FA) was stabilized by ionic-gelation technique within chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs). The aim of this study was to investigate different properties of CSNPs loaded with FA essential oil (FAEO). GC-MS analysis detected the major components of FAEO as α-pinene (21.85 %), β-ocimene (19.37 %), bornyl acetate (10.50 %) and thymol (6.80 %). Due to presence of these components, FAEO showed stronger antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with MIC values of 0.45 and 2.12 mg/mL, respectively. Chitosan to FAEO ratio of 1: 1.25 exhibited a maximum encapsulation efficiency (60.20 %) and loading capacity (24.5 %) values. By increasing loading ratio from 1:0 to 1:1.25, mean particle size and polydispersity index were significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 175 to 350 nm and 0.184 to 0.32, respectively, while zeta potential was decreased from +43.5 to +19.2 mV, indicating the physical instability of CSNPs at higher FAEO loading concentrations. SEM observation proved successful formation of spherical CSNPs during the nanoencapsulation of EO. FTIR spectroscopy indicated successful physical entrapment of EO within CSNPs. Differential scanning calorimetry also proved the physical entrapment of FAEO into polymeric matrix of chitosan. XRD exhibited a broad peak at 2θ = 19° - 25° in loaded-CSNPs as indication of successful entrapment of FAEO within CSNPs. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that encapsulated essential oil was decomposed at higher temperature than its free from, indicating the success of encapsulation technique in stabilizing FAEO within CSNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kaboudi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
| | | | - Himan Nourbakhsh
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maral Soltanzadeh
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
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14
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Jian Y, Chen X, Ma H, Zhang C, Luo Y, Jiang J, Yin Y. Limonene formulation exhibited potential application in the control of mycelial growth and deoxynivalenol production in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1161244. [PMID: 37125209 PMCID: PMC10131186 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1161244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventing grain from fungi and subsequent mycotoxins contamination has attracted notable attention. Present study demonstrated the limonene-formulated product Wetcit®, might be a biocontrol agent and potential alternative to synthetic fungicides to control Fusarium graminearum growth and deoxynivalenol (DON) production. The limonene formulation exhibited antifungal activity against F. graminearum with the EC50 at 1.40 μl/ml, electron microscopy and staining analysis showed limonene formulation could significantly decrease the quantity, length and septa of conidia, caused hyphal break and shrink, damaged the structures of cell membrane, cell wall, vacuoles and organelles in the hypha. Further study revealed the antifungal and antitoxic mechanism of limonene formulation against F. graminearum, limonene formulation significantly inhibited the toxisome and DON formation, was associated with the down-regulation of trichothecenes biosynthesis genes expression and many energy metabolism pathways as well as the inhibition of lipid droplets, the disturbed energy homeostasis and intracellular structures might ultimately inhibit fungal growth and DON production. In addition, limonene formulation enhanced the antifungal activity of triazole fungicides tebuconazole and mefentrifluconazole against F. graminearum, indicated limonene formulation has valuable potential as a bio-alternative fungicide and eco-friendly compound preparation for the effective management of F. graminearum and DON contamination in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Jian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiqin Ma
- Oro Agri International Ltd, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Changpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqin Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhua Jiang, ; Yanni Yin,
| | - Yanni Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhua Jiang, ; Yanni Yin,
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15
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Duan WY, Zhang SB, Lv YY, Zhai HC, Wei S, Ma PA, Cai JP, Hu YS. Inhibitory effect of (E)-2-heptenal on Aspergillus flavus growth revealed by metabolomics and biochemical analyses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023. [PMID: 36477927 DOI: 10.1016/10.1007/s00253-022-12320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevention of fungal proliferation in postharvest grains is critical for maintaining grain quality and reducing mycotoxin contamination. Fumigation with natural gaseous fungicides is a promising and sustainable approach to protect grains from fungal spoilage. In this study, the antifungal activities of (E)-2-alkenals (C5-C10) on Aspergillus flavus were tested in the vapor phase, and (E)-2-heptenal showed the highest antifungal activity against A. flavus. (E)-2-Heptenal completely inhibited A. flavus growth at 0.0125 µL/mL and 0.2 µL/mL in the vapor phase and liquid contact, respectively. (E)-2-Heptenal can disrupt the plasma membrane integrity of A. flavus via leakage of intracellular electrolytes. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the mycelial morphology of A. flavus was remarkably affected by (E)-2-heptenal. Metabolomic analyses indicated that 49 metabolites were significantly differentially expressed in A. flavus mycelia exposed to 0.2 µL/mL (E)-2-heptenal; these metabolites were mainly involved in galactose metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, the phosphotransferase system, and ATP-binding cassette transporters. ATP production was reduced in (E)-2-heptenal-treated A. flavus, and Janus Green B staining showed reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity. (E)-2-Heptenal treatment induced oxidative stress in A. flavus mycelia with an accumulation of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide and increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Simulated storage experiments showed that fumigation with 400 µL/L of (E)-2-heptenal vapor could completely inhibit A. flavus growth in wheat grains with 20% moisture; this demonstrates its potential use in preventing grain spoilage. This study provides valuable insights into understanding the antifungal effects of (E)-2-heptenal on A. flavus. KEY POINTS : • (E)-2-Heptenal vapor showed the highest antifungal activity against A. flavus among (C5-C10) (E)-2-alkenals. • The antifungal effects of (E)-2-heptenal against A. flavus were determined. • The antifungal actions of (E)-2-heptenal on A. flavus were revealed by metabolomics and biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Duan
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai-Bing Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang-Yong Lv
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Chen Zhai
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Wei
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-An Ma
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ping Cai
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Sen Hu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
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16
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Impact of Volatile Organic Compounds on the Growth of Aspergillus flavus and Related Aflatoxin B1 Production: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415557. [PMID: 36555197 PMCID: PMC9779742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are secondary metabolites of varied chemical nature that are emitted by living beings and participate in their interactions. In addition, some VOCs called bioactive VOCs cause changes in the metabolism of other living species that share the same environment. In recent years, knowledge on VOCs emitted by Aspergillus flavus, the main species producing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a highly harmful mycotoxin, has increased. This review presents an overview of all VOCs identified as a result of A. flavus toxigenic (AFB1-producing) and non-toxigenic (non AFB1-producing) strains growth on different substrates, and the factors influencing their emissions. We also included all bioactive VOCs, mixes of VOCs or volatolomes of microbial species that impact A. flavus growth and/or related AFB1 production. The modes of action of VOCs impacting the fungus development are presented. Finally, the potential applications of VOCs as biocontrol agents in the context of mycotoxin control are discussed.
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17
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Inhibitory effect of (E)-2-heptenal on Aspergillus flavus growth revealed by metabolomics and biochemical analyses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 107:341-354. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lorán S, Carramiñana JJ, Juan T, Ariño A, Herrera M. Inhibition of Aspergillus Parasiticus Growth and Aflatoxins Production by Natural Essential Oils and Phenolic Acids. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060384. [PMID: 35737045 PMCID: PMC9227641 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins represent a significant risk to food safety, and strategies are being implemented to reduce their entry into the food chain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of four essential oils (EOs) (lavandins Grosso and Abrial, Origanum virens, and Rosmarinus officinalis) and four natural phenolic acids (PAs) (caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, and p-coumaric) on the growth and aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicide concentration (MFC) were determined by the broth macrodilution method. Additionally, the mycelia weight was determined at concentration levels lower than MIC. The antiaflatoxigenic activity was evaluated in the two concentrations of the EOs right before MIC and at concentrations below the MIC value for the PAs. To this end, in-house validated methodology based on high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column photochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection (HPLC-PHRED-FLD) was used. EOs of O. virens and lavandins (Grosso and Abrial) completely inhibited mold growth. In addition, a significant reduction in mycelial mass (p < 0.05) was observed for all EOs and PAs at different concentrations. In all cases except for lavandin Abrial, EO concentrations just before the MIC value strongly reduced (p < 0.05) aflatoxins synthesis. Aflatoxins production was completely inhibited by all PAs at a concentration of 20 mM; although at low concentrations, mycotoxin production was stimulated in some cases. The present study provides a scientific basis for further study of the inhibiting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lorán
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.L.); (J.J.C.); (T.J.); (M.H.)
| | - Juan José Carramiñana
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.L.); (J.J.C.); (T.J.); (M.H.)
| | - Teresa Juan
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.L.); (J.J.C.); (T.J.); (M.H.)
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Agustín Ariño
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.L.); (J.J.C.); (T.J.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-876-554142
| | - Marta Herrera
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.L.); (J.J.C.); (T.J.); (M.H.)
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19
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The Antifungal Activity of Cinnamon-Litsea Combined Essential Oil against Dominant Fungal Strains of Moldy Peanut Kernels. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111586. [PMID: 35681336 PMCID: PMC9180872 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The antifungal activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia Presl), litsea [Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.], clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), thyme (Thymus mongolicus Ronn.) and citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) essential oils (EOs) against the dominant fungi isolated from moldy peanuts was investigated in this research. Firstly, strain YQM was isolated and identified by morphological characterization and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis to be Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). Next, antifungal effects of single or mixed EOs on strain YQM were evaluated by the inhibition zone test. The cinnamon-litsea combined essential oil (CLCEO, Vcinnamon oil:Vlitsea oil = 3:5) displayed the best antifungal effect on strain YQM. The chemical composition of CLCEO was identified and quantified by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and results revealed that the major components of CLCEO were cinnamaldehyde and citral. Finally, the effect of EOs on the microstructure of strain YQM mycelia was observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mycelia exposed to cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and litsea essential oil (LEO) were partly deformed and collapsed, while the mycelia treated with CLCEO were seriously damaged and the deformation phenomena such as shrinking, shriveling and sinking occurred. Therefore, CLCEO has great potential for using as anti-mildew agents during peanut storage.
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20
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Systematic Characterization of bZIP Transcription Factors Required for Development and Aflatoxin Generation by High-Throughput Gene Knockout in Aspergillus flavus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040356. [PMID: 35448587 PMCID: PMC9031554 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) is an important transcription factor required for fungal development, nutrient utilization, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and defense against various stresses. Aspergillus flavus is a major producer of aflatoxin and an opportunistic fungus on a wide range of hosts. However, little is known about the role of most bZIP genes in A. flavus. In this study, we developed a high-throughput gene knockout method based on an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Gene knockout construction by yeast recombinational cloning and screening of the null mutants by double fluorescence provides an efficient way to construct gene-deleted mutants for this multinucleate fungus. We deleted 15 bZIP genes in A. flavus. Twelve of these genes were identified and characterized in this strain for the first time. The phenotypic analysis of these mutants showed that the 15 bZIP genes play a diverse role in mycelial growth (eight genes), conidiation (13 genes), aflatoxin biosynthesis (10 genes), oxidative stress response (11 genes), cell wall stress (five genes), osmotic stress (three genes), acid and alkali stress (four genes), and virulence to kernels (nine genes). Impressively, all 15 genes were involved in the development of sclerotia, and the respective deletion mutants of five of them did not produce sclerotia. Moreover, MetR was involved in this biological process. In addition, HapX and MetR play important roles in the adaptation to excessive iron and sulfur metabolism, respectively. These studies provide comprehensive insights into the role of bZIP transcription factors in this aflatoxigenic fungus of global significance.
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Soltanzadeh M, Peighambardoust SH, Ghanbarzadeh B, Mohammadi M, Lorenzo JM. Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating lemongrass (Cymbopogon commutatus) essential oil: Physicochemical, structural, antimicrobial and in-vitro release properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1084-1097. [PMID: 34673101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to encapsulate lemongrass (Cymbopogon commutatus) essential oil (LGEO) into chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and to investigate their physicochemical, morphological, structural, thermal, antimicrobial and in-vitro release properties. CSNPs exhibited spherical morphology with an average hydrodynamic size of 175-235 nm. Increasing EO loading increased the average size of CSNPs from 174 to 293 nm (at CS:EO ratio from 1:0 to 1:1.25). SEM and AFM confirmed the results obtained by hydrodynamic size indicating that EO loading led to formation of large aggregated NPs. The successful physical entrapment of EO within NPs was shown by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. X-ray diffractogram of loaded-CSNPs compared to non-loaded CSNPs exhibited a broad high intensity peak at 2θ = 19-25° implying the entrapment of LGEO within CSNPs. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that encapsulated EO was decomposed at a temperature of 252 °C compared to a degradation temperature of 126 °C for pure LGEO, indicating a two-fold enhancement in thermal stability of encapsulated CSNPs. Differential scanning calorimetry also proved the physical entrapment of EO into polymeric matrix of chitosan. In-vitro release study showed a time- and pH-dependent release of EO into release media demonstrating a three-stage release behavior with a rapid initial release of EO, followed by a steady state migration of EO from its surrounding envelope at the later stages. Antimicrobial assay showed strong antimicrobial properties of free form of LGEO against the bacteria (both gram positive and gram negative) and fungi species tested. Moreover, loaded-CSNPs exhibited stronger antibacterial and anti-fungal activities than non-loaded CSNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Soltanzadeh
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran.
| | | | - Babak Ghanbarzadeh
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran.
| | - Maryam Mohammadi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran.
| | - José M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Rúa Galicia N°4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
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Nißl L, Westhaeuser F, Noll M. Antimycotic Effects of 11 Essential Oil Components and Their Combinations on 13 Food Spoilage Yeasts and Molds. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:872. [PMID: 34682293 PMCID: PMC8537543 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Food safety is important to reduce food spoilage microorganisms and foodborne pathogens. However, food safety is challenging, as customers' demand for natural preservatives is increasing. Essential oils (EOs) and their components (EOCs) are alternative antibacterial and antimycotic food additives. In this study, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 11 different EOCs against 13 food spoilage molds and yeasts were investigated via the microdilution method. Cinnamaldehyde (CA) revealed the lowest MIC for all tested strains and all EOCs (32.81-328.1 µg ml-1). However, CA is organoleptic and was therefore combined with other EOCs via the checkerboard method. Overall, 27 out of 91 combinations showed a synergistic effect, and both respective EOC concentrations could be reduced by maintaining MIC. Thereby, the combination with citral or citronellal showed promising results. The concentration-dependent effect of CA was studied in further detail on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with CA causing delayed growth-kinetics and reduced total cell numbers. In addition, flow cytometric measurements combined with live-dead staining indicate the fungicidal effect of CA, due to decreasing total cell numbers and increasing relative amount of propidium iodide-positive cells. In this study, we demonstrated that CA is a potent candidate for the use as a natural preservative against food-relevant mold and yeasts showing fungistatic and fungicidal effects. Therefore, CA and EOC combinations with respective lower EOC concentrations reduce organoleptic reservations, which ease their application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthias Noll
- Department of Applied Sciences, Institute for Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany; (L.N.); (F.W.)
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Appell M, Compton DL, Evans KO. Predictive Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Modeling of the Antifungal and Antibiotic Properties of Triazolothiadiazine Compounds. Methods Protoc 2020; 4:mps4010002. [PMID: 33375476 PMCID: PMC7838911 DOI: 10.3390/mps4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive models were developed using two-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) methods coupled with B3LYP/6-311+G** density functional theory modeling that describe the antimicrobial properties of twenty-four triazolothiadiazine compounds against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium sp., as well as the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. B3LYP/6-311+G** density functional theory calculations indicated the triazolothiadiazine derivatives possess only modest variation between the frontier orbital properties. Genetic function approximation (GFA) analysis identified the topological and density functional theory derived descriptors for antimicrobial models using a population of 200 models with one to three descriptors that were crossed for 10,000 generations. Two or three descriptor models provided validated predictive models for antifungal and antibiotic properties with R2 values between 0.725 and 0.768 and no outliers. The best models to describe antimicrobial activities include descriptors related to connectivity, electronegativity, polarizability, and van der Waals properties. The reported method provided robust two-dimensional QSAR models with topological and density functional theory descriptors that explain a variety of antifungal and antibiotic activities for structurally related heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Appell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - David L. Compton
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (D.L.C.); (K.O.E.)
| | - Kervin O. Evans
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (D.L.C.); (K.O.E.)
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