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Nowak M, Bernat P, Różalska S. Mutual interaction of the entomopathogenic and endophytic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae with zearalenone as a native component of crude Fusarium extract. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22493. [PMID: 39341845 PMCID: PMC11438985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study revealed the consequences of the interaction of a widely used bioinsecticide and endophyte Metarhizium anisopliae with the hazardous mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) as a pure substance and with ZEN as a native component of a crude Fusarium extract. In the environment, microorganisms encounter a mixture of metabolites secreted by other organisms living in the same area, not single substances. The obtained results suggest that M. anisopliae, exposed to a variety of active substances produced by Fusarium graminearum, is able to eliminate ZEN. Within 14 days, M. anisopliae biotransformed 90.8% and 85.8% of ZEN as a pure substance and ZEN as a native component of the F. graminearum extract from Rice Medium (E-Fg-RM), respectively, through reduction predominantly to α-epimers of zearalenols and zearalanols, considered more estrogenic than ZEN, which can raise concerns. Compared to pure ZEN, E-Fg-RM significantly affected the production of Metarhizium secondary metabolites by increasing the destruxins amount by approximately 20-25% and reducing the swainsonine content by 96.2%. All these findings provide a possible picture of the interaction of M. anisopliae with ZEN in the wild, mainly as a result of the use of crude extract from Fusarium, which contained a mixture of different metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowak
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
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Li C, Huang W, Zhou T, Zhao Q, Huang P, Qi P, Huang S, Huang S, Keyhani NO, Huang Z. Mutation of a prenyltransferase results in accumulation of subglutinols and destruxins and enhanced virulence in the insect pathogen, Metarhizium anisopliae. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:1362-1379. [PMID: 34863012 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae is a commercialized microbial agent used in biological control efforts targeting a diverse range of agricultural and other insect pests. The second step in the synthesis of a group of M. anisopliae α-pyrone diterpenoids (termed subglutinols) involves the activity of a prenyltransferase family geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (product of the subD/MaGGPPS5 gene). Here, we show that targeted gene disruption of MaGGPPS5 results in earlier conidial germination and faster greater vegetative growth compared to the wild type (WT) parent and complemented strains. In addition, insect bioassays revealed that the ΔMaGGPPS5 mutant strain displayed significantly increased virulence, with a ~50% decrease in the mean lethal time (LT50 , from 6 to 3 days) to kill (50% of) target insects, and an ~15-40-fold decrease in the mean lethal dose (LC50 ). Metabolite profiling indicated increased accumulation in the ΔMaGGPPS5 mutant of select subglutinols (A, B and C) and destruxins (A, A2, B and B2), the latter a set of fungal secondary metabolites that act as insect toxins, with a concomitant loss of production of subglutinol 'analogue 45'. These data suggest that the increased virulence phenotype seen for the ΔMaGGPPS5 strain can, at least in part, be attributed to a combination of faster growth and increased insect toxin production, linking the production of two different secondary metabolite pathways, and represent a novel approach for the screening of isolates with enhanced virulence via modulation of terpenoid secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhou Li
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyou Huang
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiquan Huang
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Qi
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Huang
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Bldg. 981, Museum Road, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Zhen Huang
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Lipidomic response of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana to pyrethroids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21319. [PMID: 34716379 PMCID: PMC8556296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroids are chemical insecticides that are widely used to control pests. Entomopathogenic fungi are considered environmentally safe alternatives to these compounds. Pyrethroids and entomopathogenic fungi not only co-exist in the environment but can also be applied together in pest control. They are often found in contact with each other, and thus, it seems important to understand their interactions at the cellular level. In this study, we analyzed whether pyrethroids could influence the phospholipid profile of Beauveria bassiana and whether membrane changes are one of the mechanisms by which these fungi adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions. The results of our study revealed that pyrethroids changed the phospholipid profile and increased the cell membrane permeability of B. bassiana, which enabled them to enter and accumulate within the fungal cells, resulting in oxidative stress. Pyrethroids influenced the amount of neutral lipids, caused a decrease in sodium content, and also temporarily lowered the level of the secondary metabolite oosporein in the studied fungi. These findings indicate that the effect of pyrethroids on entomopathogenic fungi may be more complex than originally thought and that lipidomic studies can aid in fully understanding the influence of these chemicals on the mentioned group of fungi.
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Jasińska A, Soboń A, Różalska S, Średnicka P. Bisphenol A Removal by the Fungus Myrothecium roridumIM 6482-Analysis of the Cellular and Subcellular Level. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910676. [PMID: 34639017 PMCID: PMC8509184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol (BPA) is a key ingredient in the production of epoxy resins and some types of plastics, which can be released into the environment and alter the endocrine systems of wildlife and humans. In this study, the ability of the fungus M. roridumIM 6482 to BPA elimination was investigated. LC-MS/MS analysis showed almost complete removal of BPA from the growth medium within 72 h of culturing. Products of BPA biotransformation were identified, and their estrogenic activity was found to be lower than that of the parent compound. Extracellular laccase activity was identified as the main mechanism of BPA elimination. It was observed that BPA induced oxidative stress in fungal cells manifested as the enhancement in ROS production, membranes permeability and lipids peroxidation. These oxidative stress markers were reduced after BPA biodegradation (72 h of culturing). Intracellular proteome analyses performed using 2-D electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF technique allowed identifying 69 proteins in a sample obtained from the BPA containing culture. There were mainly structural and regulator proteins but also oxidoreductive and antioxidative agents, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. The obtained results broaden the knowledge on BPA elimination by microscopic fungi and may contribute to the development of BPA biodegradation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jasińska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
- Correspondence: anna.jasiń; Tel.: +48-42635-47-17
| | - Adrian Soboń
- LabExperts, 14 Sokola Street, 93-519 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Paulina Średnicka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology–State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland;
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Juan García C. Mycotoxins: Toxicology, Identification and Control. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040242. [PMID: 33805365 PMCID: PMC8066501 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Juan García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, S/N, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
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