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Si P, Wang G, Wu W, Hussain S, Guo L, Wu W, Yang Q, Xing F. SakA Regulates Morphological Development, Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity of Aspergillus westerdijkiae and the Response to Different Environmental Stresses. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040292. [PMID: 37104230 PMCID: PMC10141874 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), as a common mycotoxin, has seriously harmful effects on agricultural products, livestock and humans. There are reports on the regulation of SakA in the MAPK pathway, which regulates the production of mycotoxins. However, the role of SakA in the regulation of Aspergillus westerdijkiae and OTA production is not clear. In this study, a SakA deletion mutant (ΔAwSakA) was constructed. The effects of different concentrations of D-sorbitol, NaCl, Congo red and H2O2 on the mycelia growth, conidia production and biosynthesis of OTA were investigated in A. westerdijkiae WT and ΔAwSakA. The results showed that 100 g/L NaCl and 3.6 M D-sorbitol significantly inhibited mycelium growth and that a concentration of 0.1% Congo red was sufficient to inhibit the mycelium growth. A reduction in mycelium development was observed in ΔAwSakA, especially in high concentrations of osmotic stress. A lack of AwSakA dramatically reduced OTA production by downregulating the expression of the biosynthetic genes otaA, otaY, otaB and otaD. However, otaC and the transcription factor otaR1 were slightly upregulated by 80 g/L NaCl and 2.4 M D-sorbitol, whereas they were downregulated by 0.1% Congo red and 2 mM H2O2. Furthermore, ΔAwSakA showed degenerative infection ability toward pears and grapes. These results suggest that AwSakA is involved in the regulation of fungal growth, OTA biosynthesis and the pathogenicity of A. westerdijkiae and could be influenced by specific environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peidong Si
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sarfaraz Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qingli Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Wei S, Hu C, Zhang Y, Lv Y, Zhang S, Zhai H, Hu Y. AnAzf1 acts as a positive regulator of ochratoxin A biosynthesis in Aspergillus niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2501-2514. [PMID: 36809388 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger produces genotoxic and carcinogenic ochratoxin A (OTA) that severely threatens human and animal health. Transcription factor Azf1 is essential in regulating fungal cell development and primary metabolism. However, its effect and mechanism on secondary metabolism are unclear. Here, we characterized and deleted a Azf1 homolog gene, An15g00120 (AnAzf1), in A. niger, which completely blocked OTA production, and repressed the OTA cluster genes, p450, nrps, hal, and bzip at the transcriptional level. The results indicated that AnAzf1 was a positive regulator of OTA biosynthesis. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that the AnAzf1 deletion significantly upregulated antioxidant genes and downregulated oxidative phosphorylation genes. Enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, including catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were increased, and the corresponding ROS levels were decreased. Upregulation of genes (cat, catA, hog1, and gfd) in the MAPK pathway and downregulation of genes in iron homeostasis were associated with decreased ROS levels, linking the altered MAPK pathway and iron homeostasis to lower ROS levels caused by AnAzf1 deletion. Additionally, enzymes including complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase), and complex V (ATP synthase), as well as ATP levels, were significantly decreased, indicating impaired oxidative phosphorylation caused by the AnAzf1-deletion. During lower ROS levels and impaired oxidative phosphorylation, OTA was not produced in ∆AnAzf1. Together, these results strongly suggested that AnAzf1 deletion blocked OTA production in A. niger by a synergistic interference of ROS accumulation and oxidative phosphorylation. KEY POINTS: • AnAzf1 positively regulated OTA biosynthesis in A. niger. • Deletion of AnAzf1 decreased ROS levels and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. • An altered MAPK pathway and iron homeostasis were associated with lower ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wei
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaojiang Hu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yige Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyong Lv
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanchen Zhai
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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Wang G, Li E, Gallo A, Perrone G, Varga E, Ma J, Yang B, Tai B, Xing F. Impact of environmental factors on ochratoxin A: From natural occurrence to control strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120767. [PMID: 36455768 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination and the associated issues of food security, food safety and economic loss are widespread throughout the world. The occurrence of OTA depends on ochratoxigenic fungi, foodstuffs and their environment. In this review, natural occurrence and control strategy of OTA, with a focus on the impact of environmental factors, are summarized. First, this manuscript introduces potentially contaminated foodstuffs, including the emerging ones which are not regulated in international legislation. Secondly, it gives an update of native producers based on foodstuffs and OTA biosynthesis. Thirdly, complicated environmental regulation is disassembled into individual factors in order to clarify their regulatory effect and mechanism. Finally, to emphasize control OTA at all stages of foodstuffs from farm to table, strategies used at crop planting, harvest, storage and processing stages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Erfeng Li
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
| | - Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Junning Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bolei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bowen Tai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Ferrara M, Perrone G, Gallo A. Recent advances in biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms of principal mycotoxins. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang L, Liu Q, Ge S, Liang W, Liao W, Li W, Jiao G, Wei X, Shao G, Xie L, Sheng Z, Hu S, Tang S, Hu P. Genomic footprints related with adaptation and fumonisins production in Fusarium proliferatum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1004454. [PMID: 36212817 PMCID: PMC9532532 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum is the principal etiological agent of rice spikelet rot disease (RSRD) in China, causing yield losses and fumonisins contamination in rice. The intraspecific variability and evolution pattern of the pathogen is poorly understood. Here, we performed whole-genome resequencing of 67 F. proliferatum strains collected from major rice-growing regions in China. Population structure indicated that eastern population of F. proliferatum located in Yangtze River with the high genetic diversity and recombinant mode that was predicted as the putative center of origin. Southern population and northeast population were likely been introduced into local populations through gene flow, and genetic differentiation between them might be shaped by rice-driven domestication. A total of 121 distinct genomic loci implicated 85 candidate genes were suggestively associated with variation of fumonisin B1 (FB1) production by genome-wide association study (GWAS). We subsequently tested the function of five candidate genes (gabap, chsD, palA, hxk1, and isw2) mapped in our association study by FB1 quantification of deletion strains, and mutants showed the impact on FB1 production as compared to the wide-type strain. Together, this is the first study to provide insights into the evolution and adaptation in natural populations of F. proliferatum on rice, as well as the complex genetic architecture for fumonisins biosynthesis.
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Yang Q, Dhanasekaran S, Ngea GLN, Tian S, Li B, Zhang H. Unveiling ochratoxin a controlling and biodetoxification molecular mechanisms: Opportunities to secure foodstuffs from OTA contamination. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113437. [PMID: 36165818 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Anarchic growth of ochratoxin A (OTA) producing fungi during crop production, prolonged storage, and processing results in OTA contamination in foodstuffs. OTA in food exacerbates the risk of health and economic problems for consumers and farmers worldwide. Although the toxic effects of OTA on human health have not been well established, comprehensive preventive and remedial measures will be essential to eliminate OTA from foodstuffs. Strict regulations, controlling OTA at pre- or post-harvest stage, and decontamination of OTA have been adopted to prevent human and animal OTA exposure. Biological control of OTA and bio-decontamination are the most promising strategies due to their safety, specificity and nutritional value. This review addresses the current understanding of OTA biodegradation mechanisms and recent developments in OTA control and bio-decontamination strategies. Additionally, this review analyses the strength and weaknesses of different OTA control methods and the contemporary approaches to enhance the efficiency of biocontrol agents. Overall, this review will support the implementation of new strategies to effectively control OTA in food sectors. Further studies on efficacy-related issues, production issues and cost-effectiveness of OTA biocontrol are to be carried out to improve the knowledge, develop improved delivery technologies and safeguard the durability of OTA biocontrol approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Guillaume Legrand Ngolong Ngea
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Département de Transformation et Contrôle de qualité des Produits Halieutiques, Institut des Sciences Halieutiques, Université de Douala à Yabassi, PO. Box. 7236, Douala-Bassa, Cameroon
| | - Shiping Tian
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan Nanxincun 20, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan Nanxincun 20, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Wei S, Hu C, Nie P, Zhai H, Zhang S, Li N, Lv Y, Hu Y. Insights into the Underlying Mechanism of Ochratoxin A Production in Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88 Using Different Carbon Sources. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080551. [PMID: 36006213 PMCID: PMC9415321 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger produces carcinogenic ochratoxin A (OTA), a serious food safety and human health concern. Here, the ability of A. niger CBS 513.88 to produce OTA using different carbon sources was investigated and the underlying regulatory mechanism was elucidated. The results indicated that 6% sucrose, glucose, and arabinose could trigger OTA biosynthesis and that 1586 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) overlapped compared to a non-inducing nutritional source, peptone. The genes that participated in OTA and its precursor phenylalanine biosynthesis, including pks, p450, nrps, hal, and bzip, were up-regulated, while the genes involved in oxidant detoxification, such as cat and pod, were down-regulated. Correspondingly, the activities of catalase and peroxidase were also decreased. Notably, the novel Gal4-like transcription factor An12g00840 (AnGal4), which is vital in regulating OTA biosynthesis, was identified. Deletion of AnGal4 elevated the OTA yields by 47.65%, 54.60%, and 309.23% using sucrose, glucose, and arabinose as carbon sources, respectively. Additionally, deletion of AnGal4 increased the superoxide anion and H2O2 contents, as well as the sensitivity to H2O2, using the three carbon sources. These results suggest that these three carbon sources repressed AnGal4, leading to the up-regulation of the OTA biosynthetic genes and alteration of cellular redox homeostasis, ultimately triggering OTA biosynthesis in A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wei
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chaojiang Hu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ping Nie
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huanchen Zhai
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yangyong Lv
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
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Wang G, Li Y, Yang B, Li E, Wu W, Si P, Xing F. AwAreA Regulates Morphological Development, Ochratoxin A Production, and Fungal Pathogenicity of Food Spoilage Fungus Aspergillus westerdijkiae Revealed by an Efficient Gene Targeting System. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:857726. [PMID: 35432249 PMCID: PMC9009206 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.857726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus westerdijkiae, the producer of ochratoxin A (OTA), which is of worldwide concern, is an import fungal species in agriculture, food, and industry. Here, we got the uridine auxotrophic mutant of A. westerdijkiae by deleting AwpyrG. The ΔAwpyrG could be used for bio-transformation with exogenous AfpyrG expression cassette as a selection marker. In order to enhance the efficiency of gene targeting, Awku70 and Awlig4 were homologously deleted from ΔAwpyrG. The efficiencies of homologous replacement for ΔAwku70 and ΔAwlig4 were 95.7 and 87.0% in the deletion of AwAreA, respectively, demonstrating a drastic increase from 4.3% of the wild type (WT) strain. Furthermore, the function of AwAreA was identified with AwAreA deletion mutant and the control strain ΔAwku70. AwAreA regulated the growth and conidiation of A. westerdijkiae in response to nitrogen sources. The concentration of OTA for ΔAwku70 was in the range of 19.4 to 186.9 ng/cm2 on all kinds of nitrogen sources. The OTA production influenced by the deletion of AwAreA was different based on nitrogen sources. Pathogenicity assays on pears, grapes, salted meat, and cheese showed that AwAreA acted as a negative regulator in the infection of food substrates. Therefore, the genetic methods and engineered strains enable us to substantially expand the use of A. westerdijkiae, one of more than twenty OTA-producing fungi, in the study of mycotoxin biosynthesis and regulation, and consequently to aim at providing new ways for controlling this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bolei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erfeng Li
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peidong Si
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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