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Sandanusova M, Turkova K, Pechackova E, Kotoucek J, Roudnicky P, Sindelar M, Kubala L, Ambrozova G. Growth phase matters: Boosting immunity via Lacticasebacillus-derived membrane vesicles and their interactions with TLR2 pathways. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e169. [PMID: 39185335 PMCID: PMC11341917 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Lipid bi-layered particles known as membrane vesicles (MVs), produced by Gram-positive bacteria are a communication tool throughout the entire bacterial growth. However, the MVs characteristics may vary across all stages of maternal culture growth, leading to inconsistencies in MVs research. This, in turn, hinders their employment as nanocarriers, vaccines and other medical applications. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively characterize MVs derived from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CCM7091 isolated at different growth stages: early exponential (6 h, MV6), late exponential (12 h, MV12) and late stationary phase (48 h, MV48). We observed significant differences in protein content between MV6 and MV48 (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD041580), likely contributing to their different immunomodulatory capacities. In vitro analysis demonstrated that MV48 uptake rate by epithelial Caco-2 cells is significantly higher and they stimulate an immune response in murine macrophages RAW 264.7 (elevated production of TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, NO). This correlated with increased expression of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and enhanced TLR2 signalling in MV48, suggesting that LTA contributes to the immunomodulation. In conclusion, we showed that Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CCM7091-derived MVs from the late stationary phase boost the immune response the most effectively, which pre-destines them for therapeutical application as nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sandanusova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental BiologyMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Biophysics of Immune SystemInstitute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Kristyna Turkova
- Department of Biophysics of Immune SystemInstitute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Eva Pechackova
- Faculty of Science, Department of BiochemistryMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jan Kotoucek
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVeterinary Research InstituteBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Pavel Roudnicky
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Martin Sindelar
- Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental BiologyMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Lukas Kubala
- Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental BiologyMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Biophysics of Immune SystemInstitute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Gabriela Ambrozova
- Department of Biophysics of Immune SystemInstitute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
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2
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Peregrino ES, Castañeda-Casimiro J, Vázquez-Flores L, Estrada-Parra S, Wong-Baeza C, Serafín-López J, Wong-Baeza I. The Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Immune Response to Pathogens, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6210. [PMID: 38892397 PMCID: PMC11172497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have several mechanisms to evade the host's immune response and achieve an efficient infection. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a relevant cellular communication mechanism, since they can interact with other bacterial cells and with host cells. In this review, we focus on the EVs produced by some World Health Organization (WHO) priority Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria; by spore-producing bacteria; by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (a bacteria with a complex cell wall); and by Treponema pallidum (a bacteria without lipopolysaccharide). We describe the classification and the general properties of bacterial EVs, their role during bacterial infections and their effects on the host immune response. Bacterial EVs contain pathogen-associated molecular patterns that activate innate immune receptors, which leads to cytokine production and inflammation, but they also contain antigens that induce the activation of B and T cell responses. Understanding the many effects of bacterial EVs on the host's immune response can yield new insights on the pathogenesis of clinically important infections, but it can also lead to the development of EV-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In addition, since EVs are efficient activators of both the innate and the adaptive immune responses, they constitute a promising platform for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliud S. Peregrino
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (E.S.P.); (J.C.-C.)
| | - Jessica Castañeda-Casimiro
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (E.S.P.); (J.C.-C.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Luis Vázquez-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.V.-F.); (C.W.-B.)
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Carlos Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.V.-F.); (C.W.-B.)
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
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3
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Wang X, Lee JC. Staphylococcus aureus membrane vesicles: an evolving story. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00088-X. [PMID: 38677977 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterial pathogen that causes a wide variety of human diseases in community and hospital settings. S. aureus employs a diverse array of virulence factors, both surface-associated and secreted, to promote colonization, infection, and immune evasion. Over the past decade, a growing body of research has shown that S. aureus generates extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) that package a variety of bacterial components, many of which are virulence factors. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of S. aureus MVs and highlight their biogenesis, cargo, and potential role in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections. Lastly, we present some emerging questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jean C Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4
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Muñoz-Echeverri LM, Benavides-López S, Geiger O, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA. Bacterial extracellular vesicles: biotechnological perspective for enhanced productivity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:174. [PMID: 38642254 PMCID: PMC11032300 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are non-replicative nanostructures released by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as a survival mechanism and inter- and intraspecific communication mechanism. Due to BEVs physical, biochemical, and biofunctional characteristics, there is interest in producing and using them in developing new therapeutics, vaccines, or delivery systems. However, BEV release is typically low, limiting their application. Here, we provide a biotechnological perspective to enhance BEV production, highlighting current strategies. The strategies include the production of hypervesiculating strains through gene modification, bacteria culture under stress conditions, and artificial vesicles production. We discussed the effect of these production strategies on BEVs types, morphology, composition, and activity. Furthermore, we summarized general aspects of BEV biogenesis, functional capabilities, and applications, framing their current importance and the need to produce them in abundance. This review will expand the knowledge about the range of strategies associated with BEV bioprocesses to increase their productivity and extend their application possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Muñoz-Echeverri
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán CDMX, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Santiago Benavides-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio B, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán CDMX, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Otto Geiger
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, México
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México.
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, México.
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5
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Subsomwong P, Teng W, Ishiai T, Narita K, Sukchawalit R, Nakane A, Asano K. Extracellular vesicles from Staphylococcus aureus promote the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127612. [PMID: 38244256 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Co-infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are common in patients with chronic wounds, but little is known about their synergistic effect mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study, we investigated the effect of EVs derived from S. aureus (SaEVs) on the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa. By using lipophilic dye, we could confirm the fusion between SaEV and P. aeruginosa membranes. However, SaEVs did not alter the growth and antibiotic susceptible pattern of P. aeruginosa. Differential proteomic analysis between SaEV-treated and non-treated P. aeruginosa was performed, and the results revealed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis protein in P. aeruginosa significantly increased after SaEV-treatment. Regarding this result, we also found that SaEVs promoted LPS production, biofilm formation, and expression of polysaccharide polymerization-related genes in P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, invasion of epithelial cells by SaEV-pretreated P. aeruginosa was enhanced. On the other hand, uptake of P. aeruginosa by RAW 264.7 macrophages was impaired after pretreatment P. aeruginosa with SaEVs. Proteomic analysis SaEVs revealed that SaEVs contain the proteins involving in host cell colonization, inhibition of host immune response, anti-phagocytosis of the macrophages, and protein translocation and iron uptake of S. aureus. In conclusion, SaEVs serve as a mediator that promote P. aeruginosa pathogenicity by enhancing LPS biosynthesis, biofilm formation, epithelial cell invasion, and macrophage uptake impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phawinee Subsomwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Wei Teng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Takahito Ishiai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kouji Narita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan; Institute for Animal Experimentation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Rojana Sukchawalit
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan; Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
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6
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Xiu L, Wu Y, Lin G, Zhang Y, Huang L. Bacterial membrane vesicles: orchestrators of interkingdom interactions in microbial communities for environmental adaptation and pathogenic dynamics. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1371317. [PMID: 38576623 PMCID: PMC10991846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) have attracted increasing attention due to their significant roles in bacterial physiology and pathogenic processes. In this review, we provide an overview of the importance and current research status of MVs in regulating bacterial physiology and pathogenic processes, as well as their crucial roles in environmental adaptation and pathogenic infections. We describe the formation mechanism, composition, structure, and functions of MVs, and discuss the various roles of MVs in bacterial environmental adaptation and pathogenic infections. Additionally, we analyze the limitations and challenges of MV-related research and prospect the potential applications of MVs in environmental adaptation, pathogenic mechanisms, and novel therapeutic strategies. This review emphasizes the significance of understanding and studying MVs for the development of new insights into bacterial environmental adaptation and pathogenic processes. Overall, this review contributes to our understanding of the intricate interplay between bacteria and their environment and provides valuable insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting bacterial pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Gongshi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Marine & Fisheries Research Institute, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lixing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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7
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Mobarak H, Javid F, Narmi MT, Mardi N, Sadeghsoltani F, Khanicheragh P, Narimani S, Mahdipour M, Sokullu E, Valioglu F, Rahbarghazi R. Prokaryotic microvesicles Ortholog of eukaryotic extracellular vesicles in biomedical fields. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:80. [PMID: 38291458 PMCID: PMC10826215 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Every single cell can communicate with other cells in a paracrine manner via the production of nano-sized extracellular vesicles. This phenomenon is conserved between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, exosomes (Exos) are the main inter-cellular bioshuttles with the potential to carry different signaling molecules. Likewise, bacteria can produce and release Exo-like particles, namely microvesicles (MVs) into the extracellular matrix. Bacterial MVs function with diverse biological properties and are at the center of attention due to their inherent therapeutic properties. Here, in this review article, the comparable biological properties between the eukaryotic Exos and bacterial MVs were highlighted in terms of biomedical application. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halimeh Mobarak
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzin Javid
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Taghavi Narmi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Mardi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghsoltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Khanicheragh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Narimani
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Emel Sokullu
- Biophysics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferzane Valioglu
- Technology Development Zones Management CO, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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8
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Gurunathan S, Ajmani A, Kim JH. Extracellular nanovesicles produced by Bacillus licheniformis: A potential anticancer agent for breast and lung cancer. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106396. [PMID: 37863272 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major public burden and leading cause of death worldwide; furthermore, it is a significant barrier to increasing life expectancy in most countries of the world. Among various types of cancers, breast and lung cancers lead to significant mortality in both males and females annually. Bacteria-derived products have been explored for their use in cancer therapy. Although bacteria contain significant amounts of anticancer substances, attenuated bacteria may still pose a potential risk for infection owing to the variety of immunomodulatory molecules present in the parental bacteria; therefore, non-cellular bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs), which are naturally non-replicating, safer, and are considered to be potential anticancer agents, are preferred for cancer therapy. Gram-positive bacteria actively secrete cytoplasmic membrane vesicles that are spherical and vary between 10 and 400 nm in size. However, no studies have considered cytoplasmic membrane vesicles derived from Bacillus licheniformisin cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated the potential use of B. licheniformis extracellular nanovesicles (BENVs) as therapeutic agents to treat cancer. Purified BENVs from the culture supernatant of B. licheniformis using ultracentrifugation and ExoQuick were characterized using a series of analytical techniques. Human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and lung cancer cells (A549) were treated with different concentrations of purified BENVs, which inhibited the cell viability and proliferation, and increased cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of BENVs, the oxidative stress markers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. The ROS levels were significantly higher in BENV-treated cells, whereas the GSH levels were markedly reduced. Cells treated with BENVs, doxorubicin (DOX), or a combination of BENVs and DOX showed significantly increased expression of p53, p21, caspase-9/3, and Bax, and concomitantly decreased expression of Bcl-2. The combination of BENVs and doxorubicin enhanced mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and apoptosis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the anticancer properties of BENVs derived from industrially significant probacteria on breast and lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Rathinam College of Arts and Science, RathinamTechzone Campus, Eachanari, Coimbatore, 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Abhishek Ajmani
- Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
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Wang X, Uppu DSSM, Dickey SW, Burgin DJ, Otto M, Lee JC. Staphylococcus aureus delta toxin modulates both extracellular membrane vesicle biogenesis and amyloid formation. mBio 2023; 14:e0174823. [PMID: 37795985 PMCID: PMC10653798 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01748-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus in planktonic cultures encapsulate a diverse cargo of bacterial proteins, nucleic acids, and glycopolymers that are protected from destruction by external factors. δ-toxin, a member of the phenol soluble modulin family, was shown to be critical for MV biogenesis. Amyloid fibrils co-purified with MVs generated by virulent, community-acquired S. aureus strains, and fibril formation was dependent on expression of the S. aureus δ-toxin gene (hld). Mass spectrometry data confirmed that the amyloid fibrils were comprised of δ-toxin. Although S. aureus MVs were produced in vivo in a localized murine infection model, amyloid fibrils were not observed in the in vivo setting. Our findings provide critical insights into staphylococcal factors involved in MV biogenesis and amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Divakara SSM Uppu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seth W. Dickey
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine,University of Maryland, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dylan J. Burgin
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jean C. Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chen J, Lv Y, Shang W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Hu Z, Huang X, Zhang R, Yuan J, Huang J, Rao X. Loaded delta-hemolysin shapes the properties of Staphylococcus aureus membrane vesicles. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1254367. [PMID: 37869662 PMCID: PMC10588482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1254367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Membrane vesicles (MVs) are nanoscale vesicular structures produced by bacteria during their growth in vitro and in vivo. Some bacterial components can be loaded in bacterial MVs, but the roles of the loaded MV molecules are unclear. Methods MVs of Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 and its derivatives were prepared. Dynamic light scattering analysis was used to evaluate the size distribution, and 4D-label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed to detect protein composition in the MVs. The site-mutation S. aureus RN4220-Δhld and agrA deletion mutant RN4220-ΔagrA were generated via allelic replacement strategies. A hemolysis assay was performed with rabbit red blood cells. CCK-8 and lactate dehydrogenase release assays were used to determine the cytotoxicity of S. aureus MVs against RAW264.7 macrophages. The serum levels of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα in mice treated with S. aureus MVs were detected with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results Delta-hemolysin (Hld) was identified as a major loaded factor in S. aureus MVs. Further study showed that Hld could promote the production of staphylococcal MVs with smaller sizes. Loaded Hld affected the diversity of loaded proteins in MVs of S. aureus RN4220. Hld resulted in decreased protein diversity in MVs of S. aureus. Site-mutation (RN4220-Δhld) and agrA deletion (RN4220-ΔagrA) mutants produced MVs (ΔhldMVs and ΔagrAMVs) with a greater number of bacterial proteins than those derived from wild-type RN4220 (wtMVs). Moreover, Hld contributed to the hemolytic activity of wtMVs. Hld-loaded wtMVs were cytotoxic to macrophage RAW264.7 cells and could stimulate the production of inflammatory factor IL-6 in vivo. Conclusion This study presented that Hld was a major loaded factor in S. aureus MVs, and the loaded Hld played vital roles in the MV-property modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhuan Lv
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 971st Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy, Qingdao, China
| | - Weilong Shang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaonan Huang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jizhen Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 971st Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingbin Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Xu Y, Xie C, Liu Y, Qin X, Liu J. An update on our understanding of Gram-positive bacterial membrane vesicles: discovery, functions, and applications. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1273813. [PMID: 37860067 PMCID: PMC10582989 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1273813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles released from cells into the extracellular environment, and are separated from eukaryotic cells, bacteria, and other organisms with cellular structures. EVs alter cell communication by delivering their contents and performing various functions depending on their cargo and release into certain environments or other cells. The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and were previously thought to be unable to produce EVs. However, recent studies have demonstrated that Gram-positive bacterial EVs are crucial for health and disease. In this review, we have summarized the formation, composition, and characteristics of the contents, resistance to external stress, participation in immune regulation, and other functions of Gram-positive bacterial EVs, as well as their application in clinical diagnosis and treatment, to provide a new perspective to further our understanding of Gram-positive bacterial EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaosong Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
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12
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Alshawwa SZ, El-Masry TA, Nasr M, Kira AY, Alotaibi HF, Sallam AS, Elekhnawy E. Celecoxib-Loaded Cubosomal Nanoparticles as a Therapeutic Approach for Staphylococcus aureus In Vivo Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2247. [PMID: 37764091 PMCID: PMC10535980 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a great need for novel approaches to treating bacterial infections, due to the vast dissemination of resistance among pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus are ubiquitous Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria and are rapidly acquiring antibiotic resistance. Here, celecoxib was encapsulated into cubosomal nanoparticles, and the particle morphology, size distribution, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and celecoxib release were evaluated in vitro. Also, a systemic infection model in mice elucidated the in vivo antibacterial action of the celecoxib cubosomes. Cubosomes are a nanotechnology-based delivery system which can adhere to the external peptidoglycan layers of Gram-positive bacteria and penetrate them. The size distribution investigation revealed that the prepared celecoxib-loaded cubosomes had a mean particle size of 128.15 ± 3.04 nm with a low polydispersity index of 0.235 ± 0.023. The zeta potential measurement showed that the prepared cubosomes had a negative surface charge of -17.50 ± 0.45, indicating a highly stable nanodispersion formation with little susceptibility to particle aggregation. The cubosomal dispersion exhibited an entrapment efficiency of 88.57 ± 2.36%. The transmission electron micrograph for the prepared celecoxib-loaded cubosomes showed a narrow size distribution for the cubosomal nanoparticles, which had a spherical shape and were non-aggregated. The tested cubosomes diminished the inflammation in the treated mice's liver and spleen tissues, as revealed by hematoxylin and eosin stain and Masson's trichrome stain. The immunostained tissues with nuclear factor kappa B and caspase-3 monoclonal antibodies revealed a marked decrease in these markers in the celecoxib-treated group, as it resulted in negative or weak immunostaining in liver and spleen that ranged from 4.54% to 17.43%. This indicates their inhibitory effect on the inflammatory pathway and apoptosis, respectively. Furthermore, they reduced the bacterial burden in the studied tissues. This is alongside a decrease in the inflammatory markers (interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) determined by ELISA and qRT-PCR. The IL-1β levels were 16.66 ± 0.5 pg/mg and 17 ± 0.9 pg/mg in liver and spleen, respectively. Also, IL-6 levels were 85 ± 3.2 pg/mg and 84 ± 2.4 pg/mg in liver and spleen, respectively. In conclusion, the current study introduced cubosomes as an approach for the formulation of celecoxib to enhance its in vivo antibacterial action by improving its oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Zuhair Alshawwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thanaa A. El-Masry
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Mansoura 11152, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Y. Kira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Mansoura 11152, Egypt
| | - Hadil Faris Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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13
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Subramanian C, Frank MW, Yun MK, Rock CO. The Phospholipase A1 Activity of Glycerol Ester Hydrolase (Geh) Is Responsible for Extracellular 2-12( S)-Methyltetradecanoyl-Lysophosphatidylglycerol Production in Staphylococcus aureus. mSphere 2023; 8:e0003123. [PMID: 36976028 PMCID: PMC10117073 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00031-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is the major membrane phospholipid of Staphylococcus aureus and predominately consists of molecular species with ≥16-carbon acyl chains in the 1-position and anteiso 12(S)-methyltetradecaonate (a15) esterified at the 2-position. The analysis of the growth media for PG-derived products shows S. aureus releases essentially pure 2-12(S)-methyltetradecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1'-sn-glycerol (a15:0-LPG) derived from the hydrolysis of the 1-position of PG into the environment. The cellular lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) pool is dominated by a15-LPG but also consists of ≥16-LPG species arising from the removal of the 2-position. Mass tracing experiments confirmed a15-LPG was derived from isoleucine metabolism. A screen of candidate secreted lipase knockout strains pinpointed glycerol ester hydrolase (geh) as the gene required for generating extracellular a15-LPG, and complementation of a Δgeh strain with a Geh expression plasmid restored extracellular a15-LPG formation. Orlistat, a covalent inhibitor of Geh, also attenuated extracellular a15-LPG accumulation. Purified Geh hydrolyzed the 1-position acyl chain of PG and generated only a15-LPG from a S. aureus lipid mixture. The Geh product was 2-a15-LPG, which spontaneously isomerizes with time to a mixture of 1- and 2-a15-LPG. Docking PG in the Geh active site provides a structural rationale for the positional specificity of Geh. These data demonstrate a physiological role for Geh phospholipase A1 activity in S. aureus membrane phospholipid turnover. IMPORTANCE Glycerol ester hydrolase, Geh, is an abundant secreted lipase whose expression is controlled by the accessory gene regulator (Agr) quorum-sensing signal transduction pathway. Geh is thought to have a role in virulence based on its ability to hydrolyze host lipids at the infection site to provide fatty acids for membrane biogenesis and substrates for oleate hydratase, and Geh inhibits immune cell activation by hydrolyzing lipoprotein glycerol esters. The discovery that Geh is the major contributor to the formation and release of a15-LPG reveals an unappreciated physiological role for Geh acting as a phospholipase A1 in the degradation of S. aureus membrane phosphatidylglycerol. The role(s) for extracellular a15-LPG in S. aureus biology remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Subramanian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew W. Frank
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - My-Kyung Yun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles O. Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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14
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Wang X, Uppu DS, Dickey SW, Burgin DJ, Otto M, Lee JC. Staphylococcus aureus Delta Toxin Modulates both Extracellular Membrane Vesicle Biogenesis and Amyloid Formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.23.533957. [PMID: 36993475 PMCID: PMC10055364 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.533957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus secretes phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), a family of small, amphipathic, secreted peptides with multiple biologic activities. Community-acquired S. aureus strains produce high levels of PSMs in planktonic cultures, and PSM alpha peptides have been shown to augment the release of extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs). We observed that amyloids, aggregates of proteins characterized by a fibrillar morphology and stained with specific dyes, co-purified with MVs harvested from cell-free culture supernatants of community-acquired S. aureus strains. δ-toxin was a major component of amyloid fibrils that co-purified with strain LAC MVs, and δ-toxin promoted the production of MVs and amyloid fibrils in a dose-dependent manner. To determine whether MVs and amyloid fibrils were generated under in vivo conditions, we inoculated mice with S. aureus harvested from planktonic cultures. Bacterial MVs could be isolated and purified from lavage fluids recovered from infected animals. Although δ-toxin was the most abundant PSM in lavage fluids, amyloid fibrils could not be detected in these samples. Our findings expand our understanding of amyloid fibril formation in S. aureus cultures, reveal important roles of δ-toxin in amyloid fibril formation and MV biogenesis, and demonstrate that MVs are generated in vivo in a staphylococcal infection model. Importance Extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus in planktonic cultures encapsulate a diverse cargo of bacterial proteins, nucleic acids, and glycopolymers that are protected from destruction by external factors. δ-toxin, a member of the phenol soluble modulin family, was shown to be critical for MV biogenesis. Amyloid fibrils co-purified with MVs generated by virulent, community-acquired S. aureus strains, and fibril formation was dependent on expression of the S. aureus δ-toxin gene ( hld ). Mass spectrometry data confirmed that the amyloid fibrils were comprised of δ-toxin. Although S. aureus MVs were produced in vivo in a localized murine infection model, amyloid fibrils were not observed in the in vivo setting. Our findings provide critical insights into staphylococcal factors involved in MV biogenesis and amyloid formation.
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15
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Composition and functions of bacterial membrane vesicles. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41579-023-00875-5. [PMID: 36932221 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are produced by species across all domains of life, suggesting that vesiculation represents a fundamental principle of living matter. In Gram-negative bacteria, membrane vesicles (MVs) can originate either from blebs of the outer membrane or from endolysin-triggered explosive cell lysis, which is often induced by genotoxic stress. Although less is known about the mechanisms of vesiculation in Gram-positive and Gram-neutral bacteria, recent research has shown that both lysis and blebbing mechanisms also exist in these organisms. Evidence has accumulated over the past years that different biogenesis routes lead to distinct types of MV with varied structure and composition. In this Review, we discuss the different types of MV and their potential cargo packaging mechanisms. We summarize current knowledge regarding how MV composition determines their various functions including support of bacterial growth via the disposal of waste material, nutrient scavenging, export of bioactive molecules, DNA transfer, neutralization of phages, antibiotics and bactericidal functions, delivery of virulence factors and toxins to host cells and inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. We also discuss the advantages of MV-mediated secretion compared with classic bacterial secretion systems and we introduce the concept of quantal secretion.
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16
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Abstract
The microbial secretome modulates how the organism interacts with its environment. Included in the Staphylococcus aureus secretome are extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) that consist of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, as well as exoproteins, some cell wall-associated proteins, and glycopolymers. The extent to which MVs contribute to the diverse composition of the secretome is not understood. We performed a proteomic analysis of MVs purified from the S. aureus strain MRSA252 along with a similar analysis of the whole secretome (culture supernatant) before and after depletion of MVs. The MRSA252 secretome was comprised of 1,001 proteins, of which 667 were also present in MVs. Cell membrane-associated proteins and lipoteichoic acid in the culture supernatant were highly associated with MVs, followed by cytoplasmic and extracellular proteins. Few cell wall-associated proteins were contained in MVs, and capsular polysaccharides were found both in the secretome and MVs. When MVs were removed from the culture supernatant by ultracentrifugation, 54 of the secretome proteins were significantly depleted in abundance. Proteins packaged in MVs were characterized by an isoelectric point that was significantly higher than that of proteins excluded from MVs. Our data indicate that the generation of S. aureus MVs is a mechanism by which lipoteichoic acid, cytoplasmic, and cell membrane-associated proteins are released into the secretome. IMPORTANCE The secretome of Staphylococcus aureus includes soluble molecules and nano-sized extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs). The protein composition of both the secretome and MVs includes cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, as well as exoproteins, some cell wall-associated proteins, and glycopolymers. How the MV cargo differs from the protein composition of the secretome has not yet been addressed. Although the compositions of the secretome and MVs were strikingly similar, we identified 54 proteins that were specifically packaged in MVs. Proteins highly associated with MVs were characterized by their abundance in the secretome, an association with the bacterial membrane, and a basic isoelectric point. This study deepens our limited understanding about the contribution of MVs to the secretome of S. aureus.
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17
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Kengmo Tchoupa A, Kretschmer D, Schittek B, Peschel A. The epidermal lipid barrier in microbiome-skin interaction. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00027-6. [PMID: 36822953 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The corneocyte layers forming the upper surface of mammalian skin are embedded in a lamellar-membrane matrix which repels harmful molecules while retaining solutes from subcutaneous tissues. Only certain bacterial and fungal taxa colonize skin surfaces. They have ways to use epidermal lipids as nutrients while resisting antimicrobial fatty acids. Skin microorganisms release lipophilic microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) molecules which are largely retained by the epidermal lipid barrier. Skin barrier defects, as in atopic dermatitis, impair lamellar-membrane integrity, resulting in altered skin microbiomes, which then include the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. The resulting increased penetration of MAMPs and toxins promotes skin inflammation. Elucidating how microorganisms manipulate the epidermal lipid barrier will be key for better ways of preventing inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Kengmo Tchoupa
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology Section, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kretschmer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology Section, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Dermatology Department, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology Section, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Germany.
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18
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Hulme J. Staphylococcus Infection: Relapsing Atopic Dermatitis and Microbial Restoration. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020222. [PMID: 36830133 PMCID: PMC9952585 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) skin is susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus (SA) infection, potentially exposing it to a plethora of toxins and virulent determinants, including Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) (α-hemolysin (Hla) and phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs)), and superantigens. Depending on the degree of infection (superficial or invasive), clinical treatments may encompass permanganate (aq) and bleach solutions coupled with intravenous/oral antibiotics such as amoxicillin, vancomycin, doxycycline, clindamycin, daptomycin, telavancin, linezolid, or tigecycline. However, when the skin is significantly traumatized (sheathing of epidermal sections), an SA infection can rapidly ensue, impairing the immune system, and inducing local and systemic AD presentations in susceptible areas. Furthermore, when AD presents systemically, desensitization can be long (years) and intertwined with periods of relapse. In such circumstances, the identification of triggers (stress or infection) and severity of the flare need careful monitoring (preferably in real-time) so that tailored treatments targeting the underlying pathological mechanisms (SA toxins, elevated immunoglobulins, impaired healing) can be modified, permitting rapid resolution of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hulme
- Gachon Bio-Nano Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 461-701, Republic of Korea
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19
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Deb R, Chaudhary P, Pal P, Tomar RS, Roshan M, Parmanand, Ludri A, Gupta VK, De S. Development of an on-site lateral flow immune assay based on mango leaf derived colloidal silver nanoparticles for rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus in milk. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:132-146. [PMID: 36618039 PMCID: PMC9813322 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to ensure food safety, screening food samples for the presence of pathogens has been categorised as a legal testing item throughout the globe. One of the most prevalent zoonotic bacteria transmitted through dairy milk is Staphylococcus aureus. Given the limitations of the conventional detection methods, in the current study we desigined a competitive lateral flow immune assay (LFIA) using colloidal silver nanoparticles derived from mango leaves for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus in cow milk. SpA, a recombinant protein of Staphylococcus aureus, was used to raised hyperimmune sera used for developing the assay followed by conjugation with the synthesized nanoparticles. To increase the specificity of the assay, the milk samples were prenriched with selective agar exclusively require for Staphyloccocus aureus. The assay was found to be completed within 7-8 h by observing test and control lines in LFIA strips. The developed assay was found to specifically detect the bacteria as low as 1000 cfu/ml of milk samples. With a total 230 number of raw and clinical mastitis milk samples, the assay was validated and achieved relative accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity values of 97.39, 98.03, and 96.1%, respectively. The developed LFIA, which uses economically feasible and stable silver nanoparticles derived from mango leaves, has the potential for routine screening of milk samples for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, especially in low-resource settings, allowing for early diagnosis, which facilitates effective treatment for the dairy animals and prevents the transmission of the disease in consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Deb
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-1320021, Haryana India
- ICAR-National Research Center On Pig, Guwahati, Assam India
| | - Parul Chaudhary
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-1320021, Haryana India
| | - Prassana Pal
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-1320021, Haryana India
| | - Rahul Singh Tomar
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-1320021, Haryana India
| | - Mayank Roshan
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-1320021, Haryana India
| | - Parmanand
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-1320021, Haryana India
| | - Ashutosh Ludri
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-1320021, Haryana India
| | | | - Sachinandan De
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-1320021, Haryana India
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20
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Liu ZH, Wu QY, Xu F, Zhang X, Liao XB. Biofunction and clinical potential of extracellular vesicles from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Res 2023; 266:127238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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The effects of different thermal and chemical stresses on release of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) by ClearColi™. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:714. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Naskar A, Cho H, Kim KS. A Nanocomposite with Extracellular Vesicles from Lactobacillus paracasei as a Bioinspired Nanoantibiotic Targeting Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2273. [PMID: 36365092 PMCID: PMC9692410 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of biomimetic materials that merge functional nanoparticles (NPs) with a cell-derived nanosized membrane is a state-of-the-art approach to harnessing cellular properties for biomedical applications. However, the development of biocompatible and species-selective biomimetic agents against hazardous pathogens threatening human health is still in its early stages. Herein, we report the synthesis and functional analysis of a novel nanoplatform in which a PEGylated MoS2-ZnO (MZ) nanocomposite was cloaked with a generally regarded as safe (GRAS)-grade Lactobacillus paracasei-derived extracellular vesicle (LPEV) for MZ-LPEV nanocomposite and evaluated its activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The MZ nanocomposite was characterized via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The coating of MZ with LPEV was confirmed through nanoparticle tracking analysis and zeta potential measurements. MZ-LPEV exhibited 5- to 20-fold higher antibacterial activity than that of ZO NPs and MZ nanocomposite against S. aureus. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and bacterial membrane disruption were confirmed as antibacterial mechanisms of MZ-LPEV. Finally, MZ-LPEV exhibited enhanced biocompatibility and selectivity for S. aureus. All our results showed that LPEV could be utilized for developing synergistic nanoantibiotics against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kwang-sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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23
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da Luz BSR, de Rezende Rodovalho V, Nicolas A, Chabelskaya S, Jardin J, Briard-Bion V, Le Loir Y, de Carvalho Azevedo VA, Guédon É. Impact of Environmental Conditions on the Protein Content of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091808. [PMID: 36144410 PMCID: PMC9506334 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major opportunistic pathogen in humans, produces extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are involved in cellular communication, the delivery of virulence factors, and modulation of the host immune system response. However, to date, the impact of culture conditions on the physicochemical and functional properties of S. aureus EVs is still largely unexplored. Here, we use a proteomic approach to provide a complete protein characterization of S. aureus HG003, a NCTC8325 derivative strain and its derived EVs under four growth conditions: early- and late-stationary growth phases, and in the absence and presence of a sub-inhibitory concentration of vancomycin. The HG003 EV protein composition in terms of subcellular localization, COG and KEGG categories, as well as their relative abundance are modulated by the environment and differs from that of whole-cell (WC). Moreover, the environmental conditions that were tested had a more pronounced impact on the EV protein composition when compared to the WC, supporting the existence of mechanisms for the selective packing of EV cargo. This study provides the first general picture of the impact of different growth conditions in the proteome of S. aureus EVs and its producing-cells and paves the way for future studies to understand better S. aureus EV production, composition, and roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Silva Rosa da Luz
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vinícius de Rezende Rodovalho
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Svetlana Chabelskaya
- BRM (Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine) UMR_S 1230, Inserm 1230, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Yves Le Loir
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Éric Guédon
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence:
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24
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Application of Nanomaterials in the Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040805. [PMID: 35456638 PMCID: PMC9030647 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to differences in geographic surveillance systems, chemical sanitization practices, and antibiotic stewardship (AS) implementation employed during the COVID-19 pandemic, many experts have expressed concerns regarding a future surge in global antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A potential beneficiary of these differences is the Gram-positive bacteria MRSA. MRSA is a bacterial pathogen with a high potential for mutational resistance, allowing it to engage various AMR mechanisms circumventing conventional antibiotic therapies and the host’s immune response. Coupled with a lack of novel FDA-approved antibiotics reaching the clinic, the onus is on researchers to develop alternative treatment tools to mitigate against an increase in pathogenic resistance. Mitigation strategies can take the form of synthetic or biomimetic nanomaterials/vesicles employed in vaccines, rapid diagnostics, antibiotic delivery, and nanotherapeutics. This review seeks to discuss the current potential of the aforementioned nanomaterials in detecting and treating MRSA.
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Saenz-de-Juano MD, Silvestrelli G, Weber A, Röhrig C, Schmelcher M, Ulbrich SE. Inflammatory Response of Primary Cultured Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells to Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Vesicles. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030415. [PMID: 35336789 PMCID: PMC8944978 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mastitis, the inflammation of the mammary gland, is one of the most common and costly diseases worldwide, and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is among the most prevalent microorganisms that cause it. To obtain new insights into S. aureus mammary gland infections, we have isolated S. aureus extracellular vesicles to challenge in vitro primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. Despite the toxic content of the vesicles, we observed only a minor pro-inflammatory response. The latter can contribute to the explanation of how S. aureus evades mammary epithelial defence mechanisms and successfully colonizes the mammary gland. Abstract In dairy cows, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is among the most prevalent microorganisms worldwide, causing mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland. Production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a common feature of S. aureus strains, which contributes to its pathogenesis by delivering bacterial effector molecules to host cells. In the current study, we evaluated the differences between five S. aureus mastitis isolates regarding their EV production. We found that different mastitis-related S. aureus strains differ in their behaviour of shedding EVs, with M5512VL producing the largest amount of EVs containing alpha-haemolysin, a strong cytotoxic agent. We stimulated primary cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells (pbMECs) with EVs from the S. aureus strain M5512VL. After 24 h of incubation, we observed a moderate increase in gene expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) but, surprisingly, a lack of an associated pronounced pro-inflammatory response. Our results contribute to understanding the damaging nature of S. aureus in its capacity to effectively affect mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara D. Saenz-de-Juano
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.D.S.-d.-J.); (G.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Giulia Silvestrelli
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.D.S.-d.-J.); (G.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Andres Weber
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.D.S.-d.-J.); (G.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Christian Röhrig
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Susanne E. Ulbrich
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.D.S.-d.-J.); (G.S.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Villageliu DN, Samuelson DR. The Role of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles in Human Health and Disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:828704. [PMID: 35300484 PMCID: PMC8923303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are nanoparticles derived from the membrane components of bacteria that transport microbial derived substances. MVs are ubiquitous across a variety of terrestrial and marine environments and vary widely in their composition and function. Membrane vesicle functional diversity is staggering: MVs facilitate intercellular communication by delivering quorum signals, genetic information, and small molecules active against a variety of receptors. MVs can deliver destructive virulence factors, alter the composition of the microbiota, take part in the formation of biofilms, assist in the uptake of nutrients, and serve as a chemical waste removal system for bacteria. MVs also facilitate host-microbe interactions including communication. Released in mass, MVs overwhelm the host immune system and injure host tissues; however, there is also evidence that vesicles may take part in processes which promote host health. This review will examine the ascribed functions of MVs within the context of human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derrick R. Samuelson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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27
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Bushra KA, Essa MA, Sabah MR. Inhibition of the sea Gene Expression in Staphylococcus aureus Using the Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of the Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) Seeds. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2022; 77:269-276. [PMID: 35891770 PMCID: PMC9288632 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356364.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important etiological agent for causing food poisoning leading to high mortality in the world. The sea gene is encoded in a polymorphic family of temperate bacteriophage chromosomes and became a prophage, and the transcription of this gene is associated with the life cycle of this prophage. It has been suggested that the grape polyphenols can eradicate the enterotoxin production of food-borne bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the grape seeds in inhibiting the expression of the sea gene encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin type A in S. aureus isolated from different sources. This study used five enterotoxin A producing isolates belonging to S. aureus. The results showed that minimum inhibition concentration and sub-minimum inhibition concentration of the aqueous extract were 32 and 16 µg/mL for all isolates, respectively. However, in the case of the alcoholic extract, these concentrations were 16 and 8 µg/mL for all isolates, respectively, and the results of the chemical analysis of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts confirmed that they contain active chemical compounds, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and glycosides; moreover, they contain many functional groups according to the analysis of the infrared spectrum. Both extracts were shown to be active in inhibiting the expression of the sea gene in the isolates under study. As the results indicated, the gene expression of these isolates was inhibited by approximately 0.31-0.63 fold, and all pathogenic and environmental isolates showed a decrease in the expression of this gene. These results practically open the door to the possibility of using these extracts to inhibit the ability of S. aureus to produce these dangerous enterotoxins; thereby decreasing or preventing their pathogenicity, especially their food poisoning infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Bushra
- University of Baghdad, College of Nursing, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - M A Essa
- University of Mosul, College of Science, Mosul, Iraq
| | - M R Sabah
- Al-Nahrein University, DNA center, Baghdad, Iraq
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Dadi NCT, Bujdák J, Medvecká V, Pálková H, Barlog M, Bujdáková H. Surface Characterization and Anti-Biofilm Effectiveness of Hybrid Films of Polyurethane Functionalized with Saponite and Phloxine B. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7583. [PMID: 34947179 PMCID: PMC8703816 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to synthesize composites of polyurethane (PU) with organoclays (OC) exhibiting antimicrobial properties. Layered silicate (saponite) was modified with octadecyltrimethylammonium cations (ODTMA) and functionalized with phloxine B (PhB) and used as a filler in the composites. A unique property of composite materials is the increased concentration of modifier particles on the surface of the composite membranes. Materials of different compositions were tested and investigated using physico-chemical methods, such as infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, contact angle measurements, absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy in the visible region. The composition of an optimal material was as follows: nODTMA/mSap = 0.8 mmol g-1 and nPhB/mSap = 0.1 mmol g-1. Only about 1.5% of present PhB was released in a cultivation medium for bacteria within 24 h, which proved good stability of the composite. Anti-biofilm properties of the composite membranes were proven in experiments with resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The composites without PhB reduced the biofilm growth 100-fold compared to the control sample (non-modified PU). The composite containing PhB in combination with the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) reduced cell growth by about 10,000-fold, thus proving the significant photosensitizing effect of the membranes. Cell damage was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. A new method of the synthesis of composite materials presented in this work opens up new possibilities for targeted modification of polymers by focusing on their surfaces. Such composite materials retain the properties of the unmodified polymer inside the matrix and only the surface of the material is changed. Although these unique materials presented in this work are based on PU, the method of surface modification can also be applied to other polymers. Such modified polymers could be useful for various applications in which special surface properties are required, for example, for materials used in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Chandra Teja Dadi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Juraj Bujdák
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia; (H.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Veronika Medvecká
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Helena Pálková
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia; (H.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Barlog
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia; (H.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Helena Bujdáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Briaud P, Frey A, Marino EC, Bastock RA, Zielinski RE, Wiemels RE, Keogh RA, Murphy ER, Shaw LN, Carroll RK. Temperature Influences the Composition and Cytotoxicity of Extracellular Vesicles in Staphylococcus aureus. mSphere 2021; 6:e0067621. [PMID: 34612674 PMCID: PMC8510519 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00676-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium but also a commensal of skin and anterior nares in humans. As S. aureus transits from skins/nares to inside the human body, it experiences changes in temperature. The production and content of S. aureus extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been increasingly studied over the past few years, and EVs are increasingly being recognized as important to the infectious process. Nonetheless, the impact of temperature variation on S. aureus EVs has not been studied in detail, as most reports that investigate EV cargoes and host cell interactions are performed using vesicles produced at 37°C. Here, we report that EVs in S. aureus differ in size and protein/RNA cargo depending on the growth temperature used. We demonstrate that the temperature-dependent regulation of vesicle production in S. aureus is mediated by the alpha phenol-soluble modulin peptides (αPSMs). Through proteomic analysis, we observed increased packaging of virulence factors at 40°C, whereas the EV proteome has greater diversity at 34°C. Similar to the protein content, we perform transcriptomic analysis and demonstrate that the RNA cargo also is impacted by temperature. Finally, we demonstrate greater αPSM- and alpha-toxin-mediated erythrocyte lysis with 40°C EVs, but 34°C EVs are more cytotoxic toward THP-1 cells. Together, our study demonstrates that small temperature variations have great impact on EV biogenesis and shape the interaction with host cells. IMPORTANCE Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer spheres that contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids secreted by bacteria. They are involved in Staphylococcus aureus infections, as they package virulence factors and deliver their contents inside host cells. The impact of temperature variations experienced by S. aureus during the infectious process on EVs is unknown. Here, we demonstrate the importance of temperature in vesicle production and packaging. High temperatures promote packaging of virulence factors and increase the protein and lipid concentration but reduce the overall RNA abundance and protein diversity in EVs. The importance of temperature changes is highlighted by the fact that EVs produced at low temperature are more toxic toward macrophages, whereas EVs produced at high temperature display more hemolysis toward erythrocytes. Our research brings new insights into temperature-dependent vesiculation and interaction with the host during S. aureus transition from colonization to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Briaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Frey
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Emily C. Marino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Raeven A. Bastock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca A. Keogh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Erin R. Murphy
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Lindsey N. Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ronan K. Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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30
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Ahmad-Mansour N, Loubet P, Pouget C, Dunyach-Remy C, Sotto A, Lavigne JP, Molle V. Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: An Update on Their Pathogenic Properties and Potential Treatments. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:677. [PMID: 34678970 PMCID: PMC8540901 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically important pathogen that causes a wide range of human infections, from minor skin infections to severe tissue infection and sepsis. S. aureus has a high level of antibiotic resistance and is a common cause of infections in hospitals and the community. The rising prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), combined with the important severity of S. aureus infections in general, has resulted in the frequent use of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics, leading to increasing resistance rates. Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus continues to be a major health concern, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. S. aureus uses a wide range of virulence factors, such as toxins, to develop an infection in the host. Recently, anti-virulence treatments that directly or indirectly neutralize S. aureus toxins have showed promise. In this review, we provide an update on toxin pathogenic characteristics, as well as anti-toxin therapeutical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ahmad-Mansour
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, CNRS UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
| | - Paul Loubet
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Cassandra Pouget
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France;
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (C.D.-R.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Albert Sotto
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (C.D.-R.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, CNRS UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
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31
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Grangier A, Branchu J, Volatron J, Piffoux M, Gazeau F, Wilhelm C, Silva AKA. Technological advances towards extracellular vesicles mass production. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113843. [PMID: 34147532 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are becoming essential actors in bio-therapeutics, as much for their regenerative or immunomodulatory properties as for their potential as cargo delivery vehicles. To enable the democratization of these EV-based therapies, many challenges remain such as large-scale production which is necessary to reduce costs of treatment. Herein, we review some advanced works on high-yield EV manufacturing. One approach consists in developing large-scale cell culture platforms, while others focus on cell stimulation to increase particle yield per cell. This can be done by moderate physico-chemical stresses or by disrupting cell membrane towards autoassembled vesicle-like particles. We critically compare these different techniques, keeping in mind that the field still lacks shared characterization standards, underline the importance of therapeutic potency assessment and discuss mass production strategies that have been identified in current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Grangier
- Laboratoire MSC Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR 7057, Université de Paris, 75013 and 75006 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Max Piffoux
- Laboratoire MSC Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR 7057, Université de Paris, 75013 and 75006 Paris, France; Everzom, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire MSC Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR 7057, Université de Paris, 75013 and 75006 Paris, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire MSC Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR 7057, Université de Paris, 75013 and 75006 Paris, France; Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University - Sorbonne Université - CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Amanda K A Silva
- Laboratoire MSC Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR 7057, Université de Paris, 75013 and 75006 Paris, France.
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32
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Karpman D, Tontanahal A. Extracellular vesicles in renal inflammatory and infectious diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 171:42-54. [PMID: 33933600 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles can mediate cell-to-cell communication, or relieve the parent cell of harmful substances, in order to maintain cellular integrity. The content of extracellular vesicles includes miRNAs, mRNAs, growth factors, complement factors, cytokines, chemokines and receptors. These may contribute to inflammatory and infectious diseases by the exposure or transfer of potent effectors that induce vascular inflammation by leukocyte recruitment and thrombosis. Furthermore, vesicles release cytokines and induce their release from cells. Extracellular vesicles possess immune modulatory and anti-microbial properties, and induce receptor signaling in the recipient cell, not least by the transfer of pro-inflammatory receptors. Additionally, the vesicles may carry virulence factors systemically. Extracellular vesicles in blood and urine can contribute to the development of kidney diseases or exhibit protective effects. In this review we will describe the role of EVs in inflammation, thrombosis, immune modulation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, renal tubular regeneration and infection. Furthermore, we will delineate their contribution to renal ischemia/reperfusion, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, thrombotic microangiopathies, IgA nephropathy, acute kidney injury, urinary tract infections and renal transplantation. Due to their content of miRNAs and growth factors, or when loaded with nephroprotective modulators, extracellular vesicles have the potential to be used as therapeutics for renal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ashmita Tontanahal
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22185, Lund, Sweden
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Löffler B, Tuchscherr L. Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: Promoter or Handicap during Infection? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:287. [PMID: 33921743 PMCID: PMC8072895 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic and versatile pathogen that can cause several diseases, which range from acute and destructive, to chronic and difficult-to-treat infections [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany;
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