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Taroncher M, Zingales V, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ruiz MJ. Identification of Biotransformation Products of T-2 Toxin in HepG2 Cells Using LC-Q-TOF MS. Foods 2024; 13:1501. [PMID: 38790801 PMCID: PMC11120489 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The T-2 toxin (T-2) is a type A trichothecene found in cereals. The formation of metabolites is a frequent cause of mycotoxin-induced toxicity. In this work, the conversion of T-2 during biotransformation reactions in HepG2 cells was evaluated. For this, HepG2 cells were exposed to 30 (IC50/2) and 60 (IC50) nM of T-2 for 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 and 24 h, and the concentrations of T-2 and its metabolites HT-2, T2-triol, T2-tetraol and neosolaniol were determined in both the cell fraction and culture medium through liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry-time of flight (LC-Q-TOF MS). Results showed a fast metabolization of T-2 (>90%) during the first 2 h, with HT-2 as its main (>95%) biotransformation product. The cell fraction showed higher levels (p < 0.05) of HT-2 (39.9 ± 2.1 nM) compared to the culture medium (12.53 ± 2.4 nM). This trend was also observed for the identified metabolites. T2-triol reached its maximum concentration (1.7 ± 0.4 nM) at 2 h, and at later times a time-dependent increase in the T2-tetraol and neosolaniol concentrations was observed. The identification of T-2 metabolites shows the need to continue combined toxicity studies of mycotoxins for a correct risk characterization of these natural contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Taroncher
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (M.T.); (V.Z.); (M.J.R.)
- Research Group Alternative Methods for Determining Toxic Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox; GIUV2021-513), University of Valencia, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Veronica Zingales
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (M.T.); (V.Z.); (M.J.R.)
- Research Group Alternative Methods for Determining Toxic Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox; GIUV2021-513), University of Valencia, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (M.T.); (V.Z.); (M.J.R.)
- Research Group Alternative Methods for Determining Toxic Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox; GIUV2021-513), University of Valencia, 46100 València, Spain
| | - María José Ruiz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (M.T.); (V.Z.); (M.J.R.)
- Research Group Alternative Methods for Determining Toxic Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox; GIUV2021-513), University of Valencia, 46100 València, Spain
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López-Ruiz R, Marin-Saez J, Cunha SC, Fernandes A, de Freitas V, Viegas O, Ferreira IMPLVO. Investigating the Impact of Dietary Fibers on Mycotoxin Bioaccessibility during In Vitro Biscuit Digestion and Metabolites Identification. Foods 2023; 12:3175. [PMID: 37685107 PMCID: PMC10486935 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins contamination is a real concern worldwide due to their high prevalence in foods and high toxicity; therefore, strategies that reduce their gastrointestinal bioaccessibility and absorption are of major relevance. The use of dietary fibers as binders of four mycotoxins (zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2, and T-2 toxins) to reduce their bioaccessibility was investigated by in vitro digestion of biscuits enriched with fibers. K-carrageenan is a promising fiber to reduce the bioaccessibility of ZEA, obtaining values lower than 20%, while with pectin a higher reduction of DON, HT-2, and T-2 (50-88%) was achieved. Three metabolites of mycotoxins were detected, of which the most important was T-2-triol, which was detected at higher levels compared to T-2. This work has demonstrated the advantages of incorporating dietary fibers into a biscuit recipe to reduce the bioaccessibility of mycotoxins and to obtain healthier biscuits than when a conventional recipe is performed due to its high content of fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía López-Ruiz
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Jesús Marin-Saez
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Sara. C. Cunha
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
| | - Ana Fernandes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Science Faculty, Porto University, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.F.); (V.d.F.)
| | - Victor de Freitas
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Science Faculty, Porto University, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.F.); (V.d.F.)
| | - Olga Viegas
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
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Narváez A, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ritieni A, Mañes J. Human biomonitoring of multiple mycotoxins in hair: first large-scale pilot study. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) represents the most accurate approach for assessing the exposure to mycotoxins, but traditional matrices fail to provide information about long-term exposure due to the rapid excretion rates and short half-lives of mycotoxins. Hair emerges as a promising matrix considering that contaminants can form stable links with hair components, such as keratins and melanin. Hence, the aim of the present study was to monitor the presence of up to ten mycotoxins (aflatoxins and Fusarium mycotoxins) in human hair samples (n=100) through a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Q-TOF high resolution mass spectrometry. A prevalence of 43% at concentrations ranging from 2.7 to 106.1 ng/g was observed, being enniatins and aflatoxin B1 the most prevalent compounds. Co-occurrence of up to three mycotoxins was observed in 42% of the positive samples. Retrospective untargeted analysis of hair samples tentatively identified up to 128 mycotoxins and related metabolites. These results confirm the accumulation of toxicologically relevant mycotoxins in hair matrix, thus standing as a suitable matrix for assessing long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Narváez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Y. Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - A. Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
- UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development at University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - J. Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Spain
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