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Sun Z, Fang Y, Zhu Y, Tian W, Yu J, Tang J. Biotransformation of zearalenone to non-estrogenic compounds with two novel recombinant lactonases from Gliocladium. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:75. [PMID: 38454365 PMCID: PMC10921726 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) produced by toxigenic fungi is widely present in cereals and its downstream products. The danger of ZEA linked to various human health issues has attracted increasing attention. Thus, powerful ZEA-degrading or detoxifying strategies are urgently needed. Biology-based detoxification methods are specific, efficient, and environmentally friendly and do not lead to negative effects during cereal decontamination. Among these, ZEA detoxification using degrading enzymes was documented to be a promising strategy in broad research. Here, two efficient ZEA-degrading lactonases from the genus Gliocladium, ZHDR52 and ZHDP83, were identified for the first time. This work studied the degradation capacity and properties of ZEA using purified recombinant ZHDR52 and ZHDP83. RESULTS According to the ZEA degradation study, transformed Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) PLySs cells harboring the zhdr52 or zhdp83 gene could transform 20 µg/mL ZEA within 2 h and degrade > 90% of ZEA toxic derivatives, α/β-zearalanol and α/β-zearalenol, within 6 h. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the optimal pH was 9.0 for ZHDR52 and ZHDP83, and the optimum temperature was 45 °C. The purified recombinant ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 retained > 90% activity over a wide range of pH values and temperatures (pH 7.0-10.0 and 35-50 °C). In addition, the specific activities of purified ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 against ZEA were 196.11 and 229.64 U/mg, respectively. The results of these two novel lactonases suggested that, compared with ZHD101, these two novel lactonases transformed ZEA into different products. The slight position variations in E126 and H242 in ZDHR52/ZEA and ZHDP83/ZEA obtained via structural modelling may explain the difference in degradation products. Moreover, the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay indicated that the products of ZEA degradation using ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 did not exhibit estrogenic activity. CONCLUSIONS ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 are alkali ZEA-degrading enzymes that can efficiently and irreversibly degrade ZEA into non-estrogenic products, indicating that they are potential candidates for commercial application. This study identified two excellent lactonases for industrial ZEA detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongping Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
- The Anhui Agricultural University's Comprehensive Experimental Station in the Northwest of Anhui Province, Linquan Modern Agricultural Technology Cooperation and Extension Service Center, Anhui, Linquan, 236400, China
| | - Yuting Fang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Yaohuan Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China.
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Fang J, Sheng L, Ye Y, Ji J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Sun X. Recent advances in biosynthesis of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes and their applications in food and feed. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-17. [PMID: 38108665 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2294166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in food and feed, which can cause serious health problems. Bioenzymatic degradation is gaining increasing popularity due to its high specificity, gentle degradation conditions, and environmental friendliness. We reviewed recently reported biosynthetic mycotoxin-degrading enzymes, traditional and novel expression systems, enzyme optimization strategies, food and feed applications, safety evaluation of both degrading enzymes and degradation products, and commercialization potentials. Special emphasis is given to the novel expression systems, advanced optimization strategies, and safety considerations for industrial use. Over ten types of recombinases such as oxidoreductase and hydrolase have been studied in the enzymatic hydrolysis of mycotoxins. Besides traditional expression system of Escherichia coli and yeasts, these enzymes can also be expressed in novel systems such as Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria. To meet the requirements of industrial applications in terms of degradation efficacy and stability, genetic engineering and computational tools are used to optimize enzymatic expression. Currently, registration and technical difficulties have restricted commercial application of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To overcome these obstacles, systematic safety evaluation of both biosynthetic enzymes and their degradation products, in-depth understanding of degradation mechanisms and a comprehensive evaluation of their impact on food and feed quality are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Fang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Lina Sheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
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Ouyang B, Zhang W, Guang C, Xu W, Mu W. Identification and Modification of Enzymatic Substrate Specificity through Residue Alteration in the Cap Domain: A Thermostable Zearalenone Lactonase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18943-18952. [PMID: 37990968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives are prevalent contaminants in cereal crops. This study investigated a novel thermostable ZEN lactonase (ZENM) from Monosporascus sp. GIB2. ZENM demonstrated its highest activity at 60 °C, maintaining over 90% relative activity from 50 to 60 °C. Notably, efficient hydrolysis of ZEN and its two derivatives was achieved using ZENM, with specific activities of 333 U/mg for ZEN, 316 U/mg for α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), and 300 U/mg for α-zearalanol (α-ZAL). The activity of ZENM toward α-ZOL is noteworthy as most ZEN lactonases rarely achieve such a high degradation rate of α-ZOL. Based on the sequence-structure analysis, five residues (L123, G163, E171, S199, and S202) conserved in other ZEN lactonases were substituted in ZENM. Of interest was the G163S mutant in the cap domain that displayed enhanced activity toward α-ZOL compared to the wild-type enzyme. Notably, the mutant G163S exhibited higher catalytic activity toward α-ZOL (kcat/Km 0.223 min-1 μM-1) than ZEN (kcat/Km 0.191 min-1 μM-1), preferring α-ZOL as its optimum substrate. In conclusion, a thermostable ZEN lactonase has been reported, and the alteration of residue G163 in the cap domain has been shown to modify the substrate specificity of ZEN lactonase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Sun H, He Z, Xiong D, Long M. Mechanisms by which microbial enzymes degrade four mycotoxins and application in animal production: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:256-274. [PMID: 38033608 PMCID: PMC10685049 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that pose a serious threat to animal health and food safety. Therefore, there is an urgent need for safe and efficient methods of detoxifying mycotoxins. As biotechnology has continued to develop, methods involving biological enzymes have shown great promise. Biological enzymatic methods, which can fundamentally destroy the structures of mycotoxins and produce degradation products whose toxicity is greatly reduced, are generally more specific, efficient, and environmentally friendly. Mycotoxin-degrading enzymes can thus facilitate the safe and effective detoxification of mycotoxins which gives them a huge advantage over other methods. This article summarizes the newly discovered degrading enzymes that can degrade four common mycotoxins (aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and ochratoxin A) in the past five years, and reveals the degradation mechanism of degrading enzymes on four mycotoxins, as well as their positive effects on animal production. This review will provide a theoretical basis for the safe treatment of mycotoxins by using biological enzyme technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ziqi He
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Dongwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
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Qiu Y, Xu H, Ji Q, Xu R, Zhu M, Dang Y, Shi X, Zhang L, Xia Y. Mutation, food-grade expression, and characterization of a lactonase for zearalenone degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12638-6. [PMID: 37401996 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that causes serious threats to human health. People are exposed to ZEN contamination externally and internally through many ways, while environmental-friendly strategies for efficient elimination of ZEN are urgently needed worldwide. Previous studies revealed that the lactonase Zhd101 from Clonostachys rosea can hydrolyze ZEN to low toxicity compounds. In this work, the enzyme Zhd101 was conducted with combinational mutations to enhance its application properties. The optimal mutant (V153H-V158F), named Zhd101.1, was selected and introduced into the food-grade recombinant yeast strain Kluyveromyces lactis GG799(pKLAC1-Zhd101.1), followed by induced expression and secretion into the supernatant. The enzymatic properties of this mutant were extensively examined, revealing a 1.1-fold increase in specific activity, as well as improved thermostability and pH stability, compared to the wild-type enzyme. The ZEN degradation tests and the reaction parameters optimization were carried out in both solutions and the ZEN-contaminated corns, using the fermentation supernatants of the food-grade yeast strain. Results showed that the degradation rates for ZEN by fermentation supernatants reached 96.9% under optimal reaction conditions and 74.6% in corn samples, respectively. These new results are a useful reference to zearalenone biodegradation technologies and indicated that the mutant enzyme Zhd101.1 has potential to be used in food and feed industries. KEY POINTS: • Mutated lactonase showed 1.1-fold activity, better pH stability than the wild type. • The strain K. lactis GG799(pKLAC1-Zhd101.1) and the mutant Zhd101.1 are food-grade. • ZEN degradation rates by supernatants reached 96.9% in solution and 74.6% in corns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Huidong Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qinyi Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Rongrong Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Shandong Freda Bioeng Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Mulan Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yali Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xizhi Shi
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Statsyuk NV, Popletaeva SB, Shcherbakova LA. Post-Harvest Prevention of Fusariotoxin Contamination of Agricultural Products by Irreversible Microbial Biotransformation: Current Status and Prospects. BIOTECH 2023; 12:biotech12020032. [PMID: 37218749 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological degradation of mycotoxins is a promising environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical and physical detoxification methods. To date, a lot of microorganisms able to degrade them have been described; however, the number of studies determining degradation mechanisms and irreversibility of transformation, identifying resulting metabolites, and evaluating in vivo efficiency and safety of such biodegradation is significantly lower. At the same time, these data are crucial for the evaluation of the potential of the practical application of such microorganisms as mycotoxin-decontaminating agents or sources of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To date, there are no published reviews, which would be focused only on mycotoxin-degrading microorganisms with the proved irreversible transformation of these compounds into less toxic compounds. In this review, the existing information about microorganisms able to efficiently transform the three most common fusariotoxins (zearalenone, deoxinyvalenol, and fumonisin B1) is presented with allowance for the data on the corresponding irreversible transformation pathways, produced metabolites, and/or toxicity reduction. The recent data on the enzymes responsible for the irreversible transformation of these fusariotoxins are also presented, and the promising future trends in the studies in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Statsyuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia
| | - Sophya B Popletaeva
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia
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Fang Y, Zhang Z, Xu W, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. Zearalenone lactonase: characteristics, modification, and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6877-6886. [PMID: 36173450 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives are one of the most contaminated fungal toxins worldwide, posing a severe threat to food security and human life. Traditional physical and chemical detoxifying methods are unsatisfactory due to incomplete detoxification, nutrient loss, and secondary pollutants. In recent years, bioremediation for eliminating fungal toxins has been gradually investigated. ZEN lactone hydrolase (lactonase) has been widely studied because of its high activity, mild conditions, and non-toxic product property. This review comprehensively represents the gene mining, characterization, molecular modification, and application of microbial-derived ZEN lactonases. It is aimed to elucidate the advantages and challenges of ZEN lactonases in industrial application, which also provides perspectives on obtaining innovative and promising biocatalysts for ZEN degradation. KEY POINTS: • A timely and concise review related to enzymatic elimination towards ZEN is shown. • The catalytic conditions and mechanism of ZEN lactonase is presented. • The modification and application of ZEN lactonase are exhibited also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhenxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Fang Y, Huang Z, Xu W, Wang C, Sun Y, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. Efficient elimination of zearalenone at high processing temperatures by a robust mutant of Gliocladium roseum zearalenone lactonase. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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