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Chatziefthimiou AD, Metcalf JS, Glover WB, Powell JT, Banack SA, Cox PA, Ladjimi M, Sultan AA, Chemaitelly H, Richer RA. Cyanotoxin accumulation and growth patterns of biocrust communities under variable environmental conditions. Toxicon X 2024; 23:100199. [PMID: 38974839 PMCID: PMC11225906 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Biocrusts dominate the soil surface in deserts and are composed of diverse microbial communities that provide important ecosystem services. Cyanobacteria in biocrusts produce many secondary metabolites, including the neurotoxins BMAA, AEG, DAB, anatoxin-a(S) (guanitoxin), and the microcystin hepatotoxins, all known or suspected to cause disease or illness in humans and other animals. We examined cyanobacterial growth and prevalence of these toxins in biocrusts at millimeter-scales, under a desert-relevant illumination gradient. In contrast to previous work, we showed that hydration had an overall positive effect on growth and toxin accumulation, that nitrogen was not correlated with growth or toxin production, and that phosphorus enrichment negatively affected AEG and BMAA concentrations. Excess illumination positively correlated with AEG, and negatively correlated with all other toxins and growth. Basic pH negatively affected only the accumulation of BMAA. Anatoxin-a(S) (guanitoxin) was not correlated with any tested variables, while microcystins were not detected in any of the samples. Concerning toxin pools, AEG and BMAA were good predictors of the presence of one another. In a newly conceptualized scheme, we integrate aspects of biocrust growth and toxin pool accumulations with arid-relevant desertification drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James S. Metcalf
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, WY, USA
- Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | | | - James T. Powell
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, WY, USA
| | - Sandra A. Banack
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, WY, USA
| | - Paul A. Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, WY, USA
| | - Moncef Ladjimi
- Weill Cornell Medicine – Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali A. Sultan
- Weill Cornell Medicine – Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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Casas-Rodríguez A, Cebadero-Dominguez Ó, Puerto M, Cameán AM, Jos A. Immunomodulatory Effects of Cylindrospermopsin in Human T Cells and Monocytes. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040301. [PMID: 37104239 PMCID: PMC10146592 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin with an increasing occurrence, and therefore it is important to elucidate its toxicity profile. CYN has been classified as a cytotoxin, although the scientific literature has already revealed that it affects a wide range of organs and systems. However, research on its potential immunotoxicity is still limited. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of CYN on two human cell lines representative of the immune system: THP-1 (monocytes) and Jurkat (lymphocytes). CYN reduced cell viability, leading to mean effective concentrations (EC50 24 h) of 6.00 ± 1.04 µM and 5.20 ± 1.20 µM for THP-1 and Jurkat cells, respectively, and induced cell death mainly by apoptosis in both experimental models. Moreover, CYN decreased the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages after 48 h of exposure. In addition, an up-regulation of the mRNA expression of different cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) 2, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (INF-γ), was also observed mainly after 24 h exposure in both cell lines. However, only an increase in TNF-α in THP-1 supernatants was observed by ELISA. Overall, these results suggest the immunomodulatory activity of CYN in vitro. Therefore, further research is required to evaluate the impact of CYN on the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana María Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Pinheiro Menescal MTA, Almeida EDS, Sales EA, Méjean A, Yéprémian C. Identification of Cyanobacteria and Its Potential Toxins in the Joanes I Reservoir, Bahia, Brazil. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:51. [PMID: 36668871 PMCID: PMC9865514 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Joanes I Reservoir is responsible for 40% of the drinking water supply of the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. For water sources such as this, there is concern regarding the proliferation of potentially toxin-producing cyanobacteria, which can cause environmental and public health impacts. To evaluate the presence of cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins in the water of this reservoir, the cyanobacteria were identified by microscopy; the presence of the genes of the cyanotoxin-producing cyanobacteria was detected by molecular methods (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/sequencing); and the presence of toxins was determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The water samples were collected at four sampling points in the Joanes I Reservoir in a monitoring campaign conducted during the occurrence of phytoplankton blooms, and the water quality parameters were also analysed. Ten cyanobacteria species/genera were identified at the monitoring sites, including five potentially cyanotoxin-producing species, such as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Cylindrospermopsis cf. acuminato-crispa, Aphanocapsa sp., Phormidium sp., and Pseudanabaena sp. A positive result for the presence of the cylindrospermopsin toxin was confirmed at two sampling points by LC-MS/MS, which indicated that the populations are actively producing toxins. The analysis of the PCR products using the HEPF/HEPR primer pair for the detection of the microcystin biosynthesis gene mcyE was positive for the analysed samples. The results of this study point to the worrisome condition of this reservoir, from which water is collected for public supply, and indicate the importance of the joint use of different methods for the analysis of cyanobacteria and their toxins in reservoir monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Araujo Pinheiro Menescal
- Laboratory of Bioenergy and Catalysis (LABEC), Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia—UFBA, Rua Aristides Novis, 2, 2nd Floor, Federação, Salvador 40210-910, BA, Brazil
- Industrial Engineering Post-Graduation Program (PEI), Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia—UFBA, Rua Aristides Novis, 2, 6th Floor, Federação, Salvador 40210-910, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson Andrade Sales
- Laboratory of Bioenergy and Catalysis (LABEC), Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia—UFBA, Rua Aristides Novis, 2, 2nd Floor, Federação, Salvador 40210-910, BA, Brazil
- Industrial Engineering Post-Graduation Program (PEI), Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia—UFBA, Rua Aristides Novis, 2, 6th Floor, Federação, Salvador 40210-910, BA, Brazil
| | - Annick Méjean
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Claude Yéprémian
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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Environmental Neurotoxin β- N-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) as a Widely Occurring Putative Pathogenic Factor in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122418. [PMID: 36557671 PMCID: PMC9781992 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review we have discussed the occurrence of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and its natural isomers, and the organisms and sample types in which the toxin(s) have been detected. Further, the review discusses general pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases, and how modes of action of BMAA fit in those mechanisms. The biogeography of BMAA occurrence presented here contributes to the planning of epidemiological research based on the geographical distribution of BMAA and human exposure. Analysis of BMAA mechanisms in relation to pathogenic processes of neurodegeneration is used to critically assess the potential significance of the amino acid as well as to identify gaps in our understanding. Taken together, these two approaches provide the basis for the discussion on the potential role of BMAA as a secondary factor in neurodegenerative diseases, the rationale for further research and possible directions the research can take, which are outlined in the conclusions.
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Casas Rodríguez A, Diez-Quijada L, Prieto AI, Jos A, Cameán AM. Effect of cold food storage techniques on the contents of Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin in leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113507. [PMID: 36334728 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and Microcystins (MCs) in vegetables is considered as a significant worldwide toxicological risk. Thus, this work aims to assess for the first time the impact of refrigeration (4 °C) and freezing (-20 °C) on the levels of CYN, MCs and their mixtures (CYN + MCs) in lettuce and spinach. Samples were spiked with 750 μg cyanotoxins/g dry weight (d.w.). Several storage conditions were studied: refrigeration after 24, 48 h and 7 days, and freezing for 7 days, 1 and 3 months. Cyanotoxin concentrations were determined by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). For CYN, refrigeration at 48 h and 7 days was effective to decrease its concentrations up to 26% and 32%, respectively, in spinach. For MCs, refrigeration was only effective in lettuce compared to spinach, showing an important decrease of 80.3% MC-LR and 85.1% MC-YR. In spinach, CYN was stable after 3 months freezing, whereas MC contents were still reduced up to 44%. Overall, cyanotoxins were less stable in the mixture compared to individual toxins for both processes, and the effect of these storage techniques were toxin and food-specific. Further studies of cyanotoxins in foods are required for evaluating the risk for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Casas Rodríguez
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Leticia Diez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain.
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
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